Nutrients

Question 1

Why is adequate nutrition important?

Answer 1

For growth and development.

Question 2

What role do vitamins play in the body?

Answer 2

Regulate gene expression for cell proliferation and tissue specification.

Question 3

What is the primary function of minerals in the body?

Answer 3

Act as enzymatic cofactors and stabilizers for enzymes.

Question 4

Why do premature infants have low nutrient stores at birth?

Answer 4

Most nutrients accumulate in the 3rd trimester.

Question 5

What is HMF?

Answer 5

Human Milk Fortifier.

Question 6

How does human milk nutrient content depend on maternal intake?

Answer 6

It varies based on the mother’s diet.

Question 7

What are the two methods of nutrient supplementation?

Answer 7

• Enterally
• Parenterally

Question 8

What is the critical role of Vitamin A?

Answer 8

Vision, immune function, skin health, and cell growth.

Question 9

What are retinoids?

Answer 9

A group of fat-soluble compounds that include Vitamin A.

Question 10

What is the role of retinol in the body?

Answer 10

Transduction of light into neural signals.

Question 11

What does retinoic acid maintain?

Answer 11

Cellular differentiation of cornea and conjunctival membranes.

Question 12

What is the absorption process of Vitamin A?

Answer 12

Carotene and retinyl esters are converted to free retinol, then absorbed into intestinal cells.

Question 13

Where is 90% of retinol stored?

Answer 13

In the liver.

Question 14

What are the Vitamin A requirements for premature infants?

Answer 14

1320-1650 IU/day.

Question 15

What is the Vitamin A content in term formula?

Answer 15

1980 IU/L.

Question 16

What are the signs of Vitamin A deficiency?

Answer 16

• Night blindness
• Increased risk of infections.

Question 17

What can excessive Vitamin A cause?

Answer 17

• Skeletal abnormalities
• Increased intracranial pressure.

Question 18

What is the role of Vitamin E?

Answer 18

Chain-breaking antioxidant to prevent free radical damage.

Question 19

What are the eight naturally occurring forms of Vitamin E?

Answer 19

• 4 tocopherols
• 4 tocotrienols.

Question 20

What is the most abundant form of Vitamin E?

Answer 20

Alpha-tocopherol.

Question 21

What are dietary sources of natural alpha-tocopherol?

Answer 21

• Whole grains
• Nuts
• Vegetable oils
• Meat.

Question 22

What can Vitamin E deficiency cause?

Answer 22

• Peripheral neuropathy
• Hemolytic anemia.

Question 23

What is the recommended dosage of Vitamin E for infants?

Answer 23

25 IU/kg/day PO.

Question 24

What is the primary function of Iron in the body?

Answer 24

Oxygen binding in heme proteins.

Question 25

Where is Iron absorbed in the body?

Answer 25

In the duodenum.

Question 26

What regulates iron transport in the body?

Answer 26

Hepcidin.

Question 27

What is the Iron requirement for breastfed infants starting at 4-6 months?

Answer 27

1 mg/kg/day.

Question 28

What can cause Iron deficiency?

Answer 28

Low iron stores and rapid increase in body iron content.

Question 29

What is the role of Vitamin K?

Answer 29

Coenzyme for synthesis of proteins involved in blood coagulation.

Question 30

What are the three presentations of Vitamin K deficiency?

Answer 30

* Early onset VKDB * Classic VKDB * Late VKDB.

Question 31

What is the dosing for Vitamin K administration in newborns?

Answer 31

0.5-1.0 mg IM within 6 hours of birth.

Question 32

What is the function of Vitamin D?

Answer 32

Needed for growth and development of the skeletal system.

Question 33

What can Vitamin D deficiency cause?

Answer 33

Rickets.

Question 34

What is the recommended dosage of Vitamin D for breastfed infants?

Answer 34

400 IU/day.

Question 35

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

Answer 35

Calcium.

Question 36

What role does Calcium play in the body?

Answer 36

Critical for muscle contraction and nerve impulse transmission.

Question 37

How does the calcium concentration in human milk compare to infant formulas?

Answer 37

It remains constant and is sufficient for exclusively breastfed infants.

Question 38

What are Omega-3 Fatty Acids important for?

Answer 38

Neonatal brain development and retinal health.

Question 39

What is the requirement for Zinc in infants aged 0-6 months?

Answer 39

2 mg/day.

Question 40

What can Zinc deficiency cause?

Answer 40

* Growth retardation * Alopecia.

Question 41

What is the essential function of Iodine?

Answer 41

Synthesis of thyroid hormones T3 and T4.

Question 42

What can Iodine deficiency lead to?

Answer 42

* Mental retardation * Cretinism.

Question 43

What is the AAP's recommendation regarding iodine supplementation during infancy?

Answer 43

Not recommended.