Nutrients Flashcards
Define anabolism
A set of metabolic pathways that construct complex molecules from similar ones, requires energy.
Define catabolism
A set of metabolic pathways that breaks down larger molecules into smaller units to be oxidised or to be used in anabolic reactions
Define a monosaccharide and give at least one example
Simple sugars, simplest form and most basic carbohydrate.
- Glucose
- Fructose
- Galactose
Define a disaccharide and give examples
Two monosaccharides joined together, simple sugars and are soluble in water.
- sucrose
- lactose
- maltose
Define a polysaccharide and give examples
Polysaccharides are the most abundant carbohydrate in food, they are long chain polymeric carbohydrates.
- starch
- cellulose
- glycogen
Define a Glycosidic bond
A type of covalent bond that joins a sugar to another group
What type of reaction is usually associated with anabolism
Condensation reaction
What type of reactions are associated with catabolism
Hydrolysis reactions
State uses of carbohydrates
- Protects muscles
- Regulates blood sugar levels
- Provides nutrients for microbes in gut
- Lowers cholesterol
- Regulates blood pressure
- Energy
What elements are carbs composed of
C, H, O
What is a condensation reactions function
To remove water
What is the function of hydrolysis
Addition of water to a compound to split into smaller subunits
State the function of transport protein
Move molecules from one place to another
State the function of structural proteins
Provide support and strength
State the function of protective proteins
Utilising antibodies
State the function of enzymes
Globular proteins which control metabolism
State the function of storage proteins
Store amino acids
What makes an amino acid essential
Required and not synthesised but the body
What makes an amino acid non essential
Can be made by the body as long as sufficient nitrogen is present
Name the consequences of not having essential amino acids
Weight loss and anorexia
Bloody saliva
Black tongue disease
What is the amino acid structure composed of
Amine group
Carboxyl group
R group (rest of the group)
What is a primary structure of protein
A sequence of amino acids in a chain
What is secondary structure in protein
Hydrogen bonds from between the amino acids in the chain, causing it to either coil into an alpha helix or fold into a beta sheet
What is a tertiary structure in protein
the coiled or folded chain of amino acids, but coiled or folded further. Forms their final 3D shape
Name the two types of tertiary proteins
Globular protein
Fibrous protein
What is the quaternary structure of protein?
The quaternary structure is how these polypeptide chains are assembled together. Final 3D structure
What is the structure of fibrous proteins
Long, insoluble polypeptide chains tightly coiled round forming a rope shape
State the structure of globular proteins
Round compact proteins coiled up so that hydrophilic parts of the chain are on the outside of the molecule and the hydrophobic parts of the chain face inwards
What bonds are primary structure proteins held together by
Peptide bonds between AA’s
What bonds are secondary structure proteins held together by?
Hydrogen bonds that form between amino acids
What bonds are tertiary structure proteins held together by
Intramolecular bonds
Disulphide bonds
Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions
What are the two types of lipids
Saturated and unsaturated
