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COMPREHENSIVE PHASE > Nursing Research > Flashcards

Nursing Research Flashcards

lecture by Atty. Arlene Capili

1
Q

more formal, intensive and comprehensive method for the discovery of new knowledge

A

Research

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2
Q

5 Major Steps of Research Process

A
  1. Conceptual Phase
  2. Designing and Planning Phase
  3. Empirical Phase
  4. Analytic Phase
  5. Disseminating Phase

(months to years)

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3
Q

-deals with clinical problems

e.g care in diabetic foot

A

Nursing Research

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4
Q

2 Kinds of Research related to nursing

A
  1. Nursing Research
  2. Research in Nursing
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5
Q

-more broader study in the profession
-focus more on issue (e.g. historical, educational, etc) that can affect nursing profession

e.g. Nursing education in PH

A

Research in Nursing

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6
Q

informal way to discover new things

A

scientific method

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7
Q

-use of current best evidence

A

Evidenced Based Practice

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8
Q

latest findings

e.g. COVID-19 Experimental drugs

A

Evidenced Based Practice

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9
Q

4 Importance of Research

A
  1. Professionalism
  2. Accountability
  3. Social Relevance of Nursing
  4. Research and Decision Making
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10
Q

Ultimate Goal of Nursing

A

TO IMPROVE THE PRACTICE OF THE PROFESSION / NURSING

Alternative: To improve…
-client care
-patient care
-healthcare
-nursing care

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11
Q
  • Formulating & delimiting the problem
  • Review Related Literature (RRL)
  • Undertaking a Clinical Fieldwork
  • Defining framework and conceptual definitions
  • Formulating Hypothesis
A

Phase 1: Conceptual Phase

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12
Q

-Selecting the research design
-Developing protocols for the intervention
-Identifying the population to be studied
-Designing the sampling plan
-Specifying the methods to measure the research variables
- Developing methods for safeguarding human/animal rights
-Finalizing and reviewing the research plan

A

Phase II: Design and Planning Phase

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13
Q

-Collecting the data
- Preparing the data for analysis

A

Phase III: Empirical Phase

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14
Q

-Analyzing the data
-Interpreting the results

A

Phase IV: Analytic Phase

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15
Q

-Communicating the findings
-Utilizing the findings in practice (EBP)

A

Phase V: Disseminating Phase

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16
Q

Synthesis of previous studies
Purpose: to get an idea or background about the study

A

Review of Related Literature /RRL

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17
Q

Graphical representation of concepts and relationship between concepts

A

Frameworks and conceptual definitions

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18
Q

Phase of the research process that researchers SPENDS the MOST TIME

“pinag-iisipan”

A

Phase II: Design and Planning Phase

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19
Q

Longest phase the research process

A

Phase III: Empirical Phase

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20
Q

Phase of the research process that enables to see the long term effect using scientific research (experimental)

A

Phase IV: Analytic Phase

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21
Q

2 Types of Framework

A
  1. Conceptual
  2. Theoretical
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22
Q

Types of Framework that focuses on relating concepts to the topic

A

Conceptual Framework

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23
Q

Types of Framework that focuses on relating theories to the topic

A

Theoretical Framework

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24
Q

define variables

A

Definition of Terms

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25
Q

define variable on how they were used in the study

A

operational definition

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26
Q

defines highly technical terms

A

conceptual definition

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27
Q

tools or instruments for data collection

A

research variables

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28
Q

5 Sources of Research Problems

A

[NITES]

Nursing literature
Ideas from external sources
Theory (existing or own)
Experience & Clinical Fieldwork
Social Issues, Scientific Research

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29
Q

Least being used source of research problem

A

Scientific Research

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30
Q

richest in information source of research problem

A

Experience & Clinical Fieldwork

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31
Q

Criteria of a Good Research Problem

A

[SALT IN]

Significance of study
Availability of Subjects
Limitation of Subjects
Time allotment & research ability
Interest of Researcher
Novelty (Newness / Freshness of Idea)

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32
Q

Major Forms of Data Collection

A
  1. Use of existing data
  2. Self-reports
  3. Observation
  4. Biophysical measures
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33
Q

[Major Form of Data Collection]

  • any form of record/report
A

Use of existing data

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34
Q

[Major Form of Data Collection]
-interviews, questionnares
-direct data collection
-most widely used
-oral or written

A

Self-reports

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35
Q

[Major Form of Data Collection]
-can gather data that cannot be gathered by other methods

A

Self-reports

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36
Q

most crucial disadvantage of Self-reports

A

Validity and Accuracy
- bc a lot of factors affect self-report thru interviews/questionnaire
-can jump questions to another

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37
Q

[Major Form of Data Collection]
-Best to elicit emotion

A

Observation

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38
Q

[Major Form of Data Collection]
-use of equipment and gadgets

A

Biophysical Measures

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39
Q

Type of Observer that is given intervention and disguise self as participant subject

A

Participant Observer

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40
Q

Type of Observer that is not given intervention, and does not disguise as subject

A

Non participant Observer

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41
Q

situations or circumstances amenable to observation

A

Phenomena

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42
Q

6 Phenomena for Observation

A
  1. Characteristics and condition of subjects
  2. Activities and behavior of subjects (highly observable)
  3. Skill attainment and performance
  4. Environmental Characteristics
    5.Verbal Communication
  5. Non-verbal Communication
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43
Q

2 types of Biophysical Measures

A
  1. Invivo measurement
  2. Invitro measurement
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44
Q

measurement performed directly on subject

e.g. ECG, BP taking

A

Invivo measurement

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45
Q

measurement performed outside
-gather specimen first and bring to laboratory

e.g. invitrofertilization, ABG, urinalysis

A

Invitro measurement

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46
Q

Criteria to Know the Effectivity of Tool

A

Validity
Reliability
Sensitivity

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47
Q

measure what is supposed to be measured

A

validity

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48
Q

consistency / repeatability of tool

A

reliability

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49
Q

detect small variations / fine differences

A

sensitivity

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50
Q

tentative prediction of relationship between variables

A

Hypothesis

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51
Q

4 Parts of Hypothesis

A

-Independent Variable
-Dependent Variable
-Relationship
-Population to which it applies

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52
Q

cause variable

A

Independent Variable
[ICDeffect]

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53
Q

effect variable

A

Dependent Variable
[ICDeffect]

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54
Q

Older patients are more at risk to fall than younger pts

IV:
DV:

A
  1. Population:
    - elderly pts
    -younger pts
  2. Set: 2 or more (Concentrate on characteristics)

Different Characteristic: Independent Variable: AGE

Varies in population: Dependent Variable: risk to fall

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55
Q

Fixed populations set by_______

A

Researchers

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56
Q

Toprank Strategy on Variables (2Set)

A
  1. Population:
  2. Set: 2 or more (Concentrate on characteristics)

Different Characteristic: Independent Variable

Varies in population: Dependent Variable

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57
Q

Toprank Strategy on Variables (1Set)

A
  1. Population:
  2. Set: 1 only (Eliminate Population)
  3. Go back hypothesis and ask “what is being studied on the population?”
  4. Determine which varies: Dependent Variable
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58
Q

Girls are less sexually active than boys.

IV:
DV:

A
  1. Population:
    - Girls
    -Boys
  2. Set: 2 or more (Concentrate on characteristics)

Different Characteristic: Independent Variable: Gender

Varies in population: Dependent Variable: sexually active

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59
Q

Depressed patients who are living with significant others have lesser chances of committing suicide than those depressed patients who are living alone.

IV:
DV:

A
  1. Population:
    - Depressed patients who are living with significant others

-depressed patients who are living alone.

  1. Set: 2 or more (Concentrate on characteristics)

Different Characteristic: Independent Variable: Living condition

Varies in population: Dependent Variable: chances of committing suicide

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60
Q

Educational attainment is not related to the compliance of PTB patients

IV:
DV:

A
  1. Population:
    -PTB patients
  2. Set: 1 only (Eliminate Population)
  3. Go back hypothesis and ask “what is being studied on the population?” IV: Educational attainment
  4. Determine which varies: Dependent Variable: Compliance
61
Q

anything that is given to participants

A

manipulation (independent variable)

62
Q

Music therapy decreases the levels of anxiety among cancer patients.

A
  1. Population:
    - cancer patients
  2. Set: 1 only (eliminate population)
  3. Go back hypothesis and ask “what is being studied on the population?” IV: Music therapy
  4. Determine which varies: Dependent Variable: Levels of anxiety
63
Q

Types of Research

A
  1. According to Motive
  2. According to Levels of Investigation
  3. According tp Approach/Design
  4. According to Time Frame
64
Q

Types of Research according to Motive

A

A. Pure / Basic
B. Applied

65
Q

Types of Research according to Motive that is just to gain knowledge

A

Pure / Basic

66
Q

Types of Research according to Motive to use knowledge into practice

A

Applied

67
Q

Types of Research according to Levels of Investigation

A

A. Level I: Exploratory
- Survey
B. Level II: Descriptive
C. Level III: Experimental

68
Q

Types of Research according to Levels of Investigation

-no knowledge yet
- to identify variable
-looking for OPINION / QUALITY/ CENSUS (frequency)

A

Level I: Exploratory Research

69
Q

Types of Research according to Levels of Investigation

-has few knowledge already
- to know whether variables are associated or related

A

Level II: Descriptive Research
1. Descriptive
a. Historical
b. Case Study
a. Methodological
a. Analytical

2.Correlational
3. Comparative

70
Q

Level II: Descriptive Research
that describes

A

Descriptive Descriptive Research

71
Q

Level II: Descriptive Research
that describes relationship of variables to each other

A

Correlational Descriptive Research

72
Q

Level II: Descriptive Research
that compares variables to each other

-“similarities and differences”
-analysis

A

Comparative Descriptive Research

73
Q

Healthcare system used by nurses during WW11

A

Exploratory Research

74
Q

Types of Research according to Levels of Investigation

-cause and effect relationship
-manipulation

A

Level III: Experimental Research

75
Q

Toprank Strategy on Identifying Type of Research/ Design

“KAPANGYARIHAN”

A
  1. Read situation first.
  2. Look for Opinion (Exploratory)
  3. Look if research has Manipulation (Experimental)
  4. If not exploratory and experimental, it is Descriptive!
    >Historical
    >Case Study
    >Methodological
    >Analytical
76
Q

Types of Research according to Approach / Design

A

A. Non-experimental Research
1. Historical
2. Survey
3. Case Study
4. Methodological
5. Analytical

B. Experimental Research
1. True Experimental
2. Quasi-Experimental

77
Q

Research that has no manipulation

A

Non-experimental Research

78
Q

Non-experimental Research that studies the PAST issues

A

Historical Non-experimental Research

79
Q

Non-experimental Research that uses interviews and questionnaires to gather public opinion

A

Survey Non-experimental Research

80
Q

Non-experimental Research that is in depth/ detailed study of persons or entities; study of cases

A

Case Study Non-experimental Research

81
Q

Non-experimental Research that studies method, tests, and procedures

A

Methodological Non-experimental Research

82
Q

Non-experimental Research that further analysis of issues and events (deeper description of event) ; PRESENT issues

A

Analytical Non-experimental Research

83
Q

Type of Research according to Approach / Design that always have 2 sets of subjects

A

Experimental Research

84
Q

Experimental Research that has strict control over variables

A

True Experimental

85
Q

Experimental Research that has manipulation (uneffective)

  • control overcomes the variables
    -no randomization
A

Quasi-Experimental

86
Q

Group that is given experimental manipulation only

A

Experimental group

87
Q

Group that is not given placebo, and others

A

Controlled group

88
Q

all subject has chance

A

randomization

89
Q

anything that is given to the study subjects

A

manipulation

90
Q

compare with result of experimental group

A

controlled

91
Q

Best time to give Placebo to control group

A

Studies without comparison

92
Q

researcher and subject does not know Experimental Group and Controlled Group

  • to avoid predicting of results / bias
A

Double Blind Experiment

93
Q

Best time to give Others to control group

A

Studies with comparison

94
Q

Given to subjects that produces no therapeutic effect such as water, starch, etc.

A

Placebo

95
Q

You wanted to prove that Cotrimoxazole is more effective than other drugs to treat respiratory infection. What should be given to the suitable control group?

a. Another experimental drug for respiratory infection

b. a standard drug for respiratory infection given

c. placebo

d. another drug for respiratory infection

A

d. another drug for respiratory infection (others)

96
Q

Given to subjects that does not affect the study such as music therapy, etc or anything not affecting the study

A

Others

97
Q

You wanted to study healthcare delivery system of nurses during World War II

a. Exploratory
b. Descriptive
c. Experimental
d. Quasi-Experimental

A

Quality/Census? X Exploratory
Manipulation? X Experimental / Quasi-Experimental

b. Descriptive [Historical]

98
Q

Type of Research according to Time Frame

-one time study

A

Cross Sectional Research

99
Q

Type of Research according to Time Frame

A

a. Cross Sectional
b. Longitudinal
c. Retrospective
d. Prospective

100
Q

Type of Research according to Time Frame

-repetitive studies
-e.g. trend studies

A

Longitudinal Research

101
Q

Type of Research according to Time Frame

-study of the past to explain the present

A

Retrospective Research

102
Q

Type of Research according to Time Frame

-study of the present to predict the future

e.g. global warming

A

Prospective Research

103
Q

term for entire aggregate cases
- that researchers would like to study

A

Population

104
Q

used to decide who would only be included in the population

A

Eligibility Criteria

105
Q

process used to get a representative of the population

A

SAMPLING

106
Q

a representative of the population

A

SAMPLE

107
Q

Another term for target population

A

Universe

108
Q

Characteristic of Sample

A

Representativeness / Representative

109
Q

2 Types of Sampling Plan

A

Non Probability
Probability

110
Q

Sampling that is non-random (not all has chance, researcher has idea)

A

Non Probability Sampling

111
Q

Sampling that is random (all has chance, researcher has no idea); More accurate

A

Probability Sampling

112
Q

4 Types of Probability Sampling

A

1.Simple Random Sampling
2. Stratified Random Sampling
3. Cluster Sampling
4. Systematic Sampling

113
Q

4 Types of Non-Probability Sampling

A

1.Convenience / Accidental
2.Quota
3.Purposive/ Judgmental
4.Snowball Sampling

114
Q

samples are readily available

A

Convenience / Accidental Sampling

115
Q

everybody has chance to become a sample
e.g. Fish Bowl Method

A

Simple Random Sampling

116
Q

create strata (characteristic) of the population and divide the population into homogenous group

-basis of same group: characteristics

> E.g. you decided to group a population into male and female
Grouping: gender
Characteristic: male or female

A

Stratified Random Sampling

117
Q

successive random sampling of units

  • big group without distinct characteristic

> E.g. you decided to group a population into schools / barangay
Grouping: school / barangay
Characteristic: None

A

Cluster Sampling

118
Q

get a proportion of the population

A

Quota Sampling

119
Q

samples are handpicked by researchers

A

Purposive/ Judgmental Sampling

120
Q

networking or referral system

A

Snowball Sampling

120
Q

– kth of the list
 Formula: k= N/n
N= population size
n= sample size

A

Systematic Sampling

121
Q

SLOVIN’S FORMULA

A

n = N / 1 + Ne^2

N =population size
e=margin of error

“Isa kasama ni nene”

122
Q

[4 Basic Rights of Research Subjects]

-Autonomy

A

Right to self-determination

122
Q

[4 Basic Rights of Research Subjects]

-Confidentiality and Privacy

A

Right to anonymity

122
Q

[4 Basic Rights of Research Subjects]

-Beneficence, Non-maleficence

A

Right not to be harmed

122
Q

[4 Basic Rights of Research Subjects]

-Veracity

A

Right to full disclosure

123
Q
  • Assignment of numbers according to rules
A

Levels of Measurement

124
Q

[Levels of Measurement]

  • Male , Female
A

Nominal
-categorical ; name the category

125
Q

[Levels of Measurement]

-Temperature: 37.8
-IQ: 85

A

Interval
– numerical; ranking of events in interval but zero is NOT absolute

-Zero has a value OR zero has no value

125
Q

[Levels of Measurement]

-1st, 2nd , 3rd
- Good, better, best

A

Ordinal
-categorical ; ranking of events

125
Q

[Levels of Measurement]

-Weight: 50kg
-Height: 163cm

A

Ratio
- numerical; ranking of events with equal intervals but zero is ABSOLUTE

-Zero means absence
-Is not possible to have negative
-If last number is O

126
Q

Use of tables and graphs – one that communicates to the readers

A

Frequency of Distribution

127
Q

middle value

A

Median

127
Q

average

A

Mean

127
Q

-ANOVA
-Chi-Square
-Pearson R
-T-tests

A

Inferential Statistics

128
Q

frequently appears

A

Mode

128
Q

Simple rank, range, variance, Standard deviation

A

Measures of Variability

129
Q

[Inferential Statistics]

3 or more sets

A

ANOVA

129
Q

-Frequency of Distribution
-Measures of Central Tendency
-Measures of Variability

A

Descriptive Analysis

130
Q

[Inferential Statistics]

-2 sets

A

Student T-test

131
Q

[Inferential Statistics]

-before and after

A

Paired T-test

131
Q

Study of levels of anxiety between Asian, Caucasian, Hispanics and American.

A

ANOVA
-3 or more variable compared to one variable

> Population: 4 sets

> Variable being compared: 1 only (levels of anxiety)

131
Q

[Inferential Statistics]

-numbers

A

Pearson-R

132
Q

Educational attainment is not related to compliance of PTB patients

A

Chi-Square
-1 set on 2 or more variables; Focus is frequency

> Population: PTB patients ; 1 Set

> Variables being studied:
1.Compliance (Frequency)
2.Educational attainment

132
Q

Study of Infant birth weight to maternal weight among postpartum mothers

A

Pearson R
-1 set on 2 variables; focus on Interval or Ratio data

> Population: PP mothers (1 set)

> Variables studied: Weight is a ratio data.

133
Q

Study of High IQ and EQ to Dean’s Lister

A

Pearson R
-1 set on 2 variables; focus on Interval or Ratio data

> Population: Deans List (1 set)

> Variables studied: Number, zero is absolute (interval data)
- IQ
- EQ

134
Q

Study of levels of anxiety between Asian and American.

A

Student / Independent T-test
-2 sets compared on 1 variable
-Like ANOVA but only 2 sets of population

> Population: 2 sets

> Variable being compared: 1 only (levels of anxiety)

135
Q

You wanted to study the average BP of women before and after menstruation.

A

Paired T-test
- 1 set of population and studies dependent groups or results

Population: Women (1 set)

Variable studied: Average BP
- Before and After to get average

136
Q

KAPANGYARIHAN to identify Inferential Statistics

A

1) ANOVA: 3 or more sets
2) Student T-test: 2 sets
3) 1 set:
- Find before and after (Paired T-test)
- Find numbers (Pearson-R)
- If none of the above: Chi-Square

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