Nursing Care of the Community (Famorca) Flashcards
Green pdf, 126 pages
MAJOR GOAL OF CHN
health promotion and health maintenance of individual, family and group within
community.
entitles all people to basic necessities, such as adequate income
and health protection, and accepts collective burdens to make possible.
MISSION OF PUBLIC HEALTH
DEFINITION OF HEALTH ACCORDING TO:
physical, mental and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity.”
WHO
able to use purposeful,
adaptive responses and processes physically, mentally, emotionally,
spiritually, and socially.”
DEFINITION OF HEALTH ACCORDING TO: Murray
actualization of inherent and acquired human potential through goaldirected behavior, competent self-care, and satisfying relationship with
others.”
DEFINITION OF HEALTH ACCORDING TO: Pender
a state of person that is characterized by soundness or wholeness of
developed human structures and of bodily and mental functioning.
DEFINITION OF HEALTH ACCORDING TO: Orem
a result of positive interaction among groups
within the community with an emphasis on health promotion and illness
prevention.
SOCIAL HEALTH
* Connot
Seen as a group or collection of locality-based individuals, interacting in social
units, and sharing common interests, characteristics, values, and/ or goals.
❖ COMMUNITY
DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY ACCORDING TO:
* Allender
interact with one another and whose common
interests or characteristics form the basis for a sense of unity or
belonging.”
DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY ACCORDING TO:
group of people who share something in common and interact with
one another, who may exhibit a commitment with one another and may
share a geographic boundary.”
Lundy and Janes
who share common interests, who interact with each
other, and who function collectively within a defined social structure to
address common concerns.”
Clark
locality-based entity, composed of systems of formal organizations
reflecting society’s institutions, informal groups, and aggregates.”
DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY ACCORDING TO:
Shuster and Goeppinger
Most traditionally recognized.
▪ Defined or formed by both natural and man-made boundaries and include
barangays, municipalities, cities, provinces, regions, and nations.
Geopolitical Communities AKA Territorial Communities
Refer to relational, interactive groups, in which the place or setting is
more abstract, and people share a group perspective or identity based on
culture, values, history, interest, and goals.
Phenomenological Communities AKA Functional Communities
Typically used to denote a group of people having common personal or
environmental characteristics.
POPULATION
Subgroups or subpopulations that have some common characteristics or
concerns
❖ AGGREGATES
Higher-income and social status are linked to better health. The greater the gap
between the richest and poor health, the greater differences in health.
Income and Social Status
DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH
Income and Social Status
Education
Physical Environment
Employment and Working Conditions
Social Support Networks
Culture
Genetics
Personal Behavior and Coping Skills
Health Services
Gender
Provide morbidity, mortality, and other health status related data.
National Epidemiology Center of DOH, PSA, and Local Health Centers/Offices/
Departments
responsible for collecting morbidity and mortality data and forwarding
the information to the higher level of health, such as Provincial Health
office.
Local Health Centers/Offices/Departments
“Public health is the science and art of:
* DEFINITION OF PUBLIC HEALTH ACCORDING TO:
▪ C. E. WINSLOW
- preventing disease,
- prolonging life, and
- promoting health and efficiency through organized community
effort for:
“through organized community effort”.
PUBLIC HEALTH
o Extends the realm of public health to include organized health efforts at the
community level through both government and private efforts
COMMUNITY HEALTH
Activities enhance resources directed at improving well-being
Health Promotion
Activities protect people from disease and effects of disease.
Disease Prevention
Relates to activities directed at preventing a problem before it occurs
by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible
individuals.
Primary Prevention
Early detection and prompt intervention during the period of early
disease pathogenesis.
Secondary Prevention
Targets populations that have experienced disease or injury and
focuses on limitations of disability and rehabilitation.
- Aim: Reduce the effects of disease and injury and to restore individuals
Tertiary Prevention
Global or umbrella term; broader and more general specialty area that
encompasses subspecialties that include public health nursing, school
nursing, occupational health nursing, a
- DEFINITION OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ACCORDING TO:
▪ AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION (1980)
o A component or subset of CHN
o The synthesis of public health and nursing practice
PUBLIC HEALTH NURSING
defined as the field of professional practice in
nursing and in public health in which technical nursing, interpersonal, analytical,
and organizational skills are applied to problems of health as they affect the
community.
PHN according to FREEMAN (1963):
o Public Health Nursing
Population-focused, with the goals of the promoting health and preventing
disease and disability for all people
PHN according to ANA (1996):
Application of the nursing process in caring for individuals, families and group
where they live, work go to go school, or they move through the health care
system
Community-Based Nursing
emphasizes preservation and protection of heath
▪ the primary client is the community
- CHN
Emphasizes on managing acute and chronic
▪ the primary clients are the individual and the family
Community-based Nursing
specific groups of people and focuses on health promotion and
disease prevention, regardless of geographical location (Baldwin et al., 1998)
POPULATION-FOCUSED NURSING
Vital Statistics; census
Demographic
Health statistics; disease statistics
Groups at High Risk
City directors, phone books, local/regional social
workers, list of low income providers, CH nurse
Services/Providers Available
To describe the breadth and scope of public health nursing practice.
▪ Recognized as a framework for community and public health practice
THE INTERVENTION WHEEL
THE INTERVENTION WHEEL
3 Important elements
▪ It is population-based
▪ It contains 3 levels of practice (Community, Systems, and Individual/Family)
▪ It identifies and defines 12 public health interventions
Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act of 1997 (Juan Flavier)
R.A. 8423 -
Asthma, cough and colds, fever,
dysentry, pain
→ Skin disease (scabies, ulcer,
eczema), wounds
Lagundi
Yerba Buena
Headache, stomachache
→ Cough and colds
→ Rheumatism, Asthritis
Sambong
Antiedema/antiurolithiasis
Tsaang Gubat
Diarrhea
→ Stomachache
Niyogniyogan
→ Antielminthic
Bayabas
→ Washing wounds
→ Diarrhea, gargle, toothache
Akapulko
Antifugal
Ulasimang
Bato/ Pansitpansitan
→ Lowers blood uric acid
(rheumatism and gout)
Bawang
Hypertension, lowers blood
cholesterol
→ Toothache
Ampalaya
Diabetes mellitus (mild noninsulin-dependent)
Individual,Curative
Absence of Disease is the goal
Primary Care
Family and community
Promotive and preventive
Self-reliance
PRIMARY HEALTH CARE
is a value-based process, tracing its roots to three basic
values: (LOCOA, 2005).
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
3 basic valeus
Human rights
Social Justice
Social responsibility
involves preparation one the part of the organizer and choosing a
community for partnership
PHASES OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZING:
PRE-ENTRY
community formalizes the start of the organizing process. This is
the stage where the organizer gets to know the community and the community
likewise gets to know the organizer.
ENTRY INTO THE COMMUNITY
Health authorities have defined moderation as:
Not more than 2 drinks a day for the average sized man
o Not more than 1 drink a day for the average size woman
consuming more than 2 drinks/day on average for men and more than 1 drink per day
for women
Heavy Drinking
drinking 5 or more drinks on a single occasion for men / 4 or more drinks on a single
occasion for women
Binge drinking
can take the form of heavy drinking/ binge drinking/ both.
Excessive Drinking
It allows first-hand assessment of the home situation.
2. The nurse can seek out previously unidentified needs.
HOME VISIT
Crude and specific death rates, maternal
mortality, infant mortality, neonatal
mortality, postnatal mortality, child
mortality, etc.
Health status indicators
(mortality)
Age-sex structure of the population,
population density, migration, population
growth (crude birth rate, fertility rate)
Population indicators
Access to health programs and facilities,
availability of health resources (facilities,
health manpower, finances)
Indicators for the provision of
health care
Causes consulting health provider.,
infants exclusively breast-fed for the first
6 months
Risk reduction indicators
Quantity of suspended particulate matter,
hydrocarbons, oxidants. Portability of
drinking water
Social and economic indicators
DALYs, indicators of restricted activity,
indicators of long-term disability
Disability indicators
Reduce child mortality
- Reduce by two-thirds
between 1990 and 2015,
the under-five mortality
rate
Goal: 4
Target: 5
Improve maternal
health
- Reduce by three
quarters between 1990
and 2015 the maternal
mortality ratio
Goal: 5
Target: 6
Combat HIV/AIDS,
malaria, and other
diseases
Goal: 6
Target: 7
The WHO constitution came into force on April 7, 1948.
April 7 has been celebrated each year as World Health Day
he following are the eight Millennium Development Goals:
- to eliminate extreme poverty and hunger;
- to achieve global primary education;
- to empower women and promote gender equality;
- to reduce child mortality;
- to promote maternal health;
- to fight malaria, HIV/AIDS, and other diseases;
- to promote environmental sustainability; and
- to develop a universal partnership for development.
The following are the eight MDG’s and the targets corresponding to health related
MDG’s
MDG’s 4,5, and 6:
Created by the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PhilHealth).
o It is tax-exempt government corporation attached to the DOH for policy
National Insurance Act of 1995 (R.A. 7875)
“To lead the country in the development of a productive, resilient, equitable and
people-centered health system”
DOH Mission
is a primary level health facility in the municipality.
The RHU (commonly known as health center)
It is manned by Volunteer Barangay Health Workers (BHW’s) under the supervision of
Rural Health Midwife (RHM).
BHS is the first contact health care facility
stipulate that there be one rural health physician to a population of 20,000
(IRRSs) of R.A. 7305 or the Magna
Carta of Public Health Workers
enacted to bring about genuine and meaningful local autonomy.
R.A 7160 or Local Government Code
refers to the act by which the national government confers power and
authority upon the various LGU’s to perform specific functions and responsibilities.
DEVOLUTION
provided for the creation of the Provincial Health Board and the
City/Municipal Health boards, or Local Health Boards.
R.A 7160
Occur within the health facility.
* May be made to request for an opinion or suggestion, co-management, or
further management or specialty care.
Internal referrals
Also called the Aquino Health Agenda
➢ It is the latest in a series of continuing efforts of the government to bring about health
sector reforms
HEALTH SECTOR REFORM: UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE
instrument to increase resources for health that will be
effectively allocated and utilized to improve the financial protection of the poor
and the vulnerable sectors.
. Health Financing -
– instrument to transform the health service delivery
structure to address variations in health service utilization and health
outcomes across socioeconomic variables.
. Service Delivery –
Pre-pregnancy services and care during pregnancy, delivery, and
postpartum period
Reproductive and Maternal Health
Advocacy for exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life,
newborn screening program, immunization, nu
- Expanded Garantisadong Pambata (child health)
Tuberculosis, mosquito-borne diseases, rabies, schistosomiasis, and
sexually transmitted infections
Control of communicable disease
Prenatal Package
Prenatal visits
* At least four visits
Micronutrient
Tetanus toxoid
Early Detections
Prevention and Management
Birth planning
Childbirth Package
Access to basic emergency obstetric and newborn care (BEmONC) or
comprehensive emergency obstetric and newborn care (CEmONC)
services
Newborn (First Week of Life) Care Package
Interventions within the first 90 minutes
* Immediate thorough frying
* Skin-to-skin contact between mother and newborn.
* Cord clamping 1-3 minutes after birth is recommended
* Early initiation of breastfeeding (within 1 hour after birth)
* Non-separation of baby from the mother (rooming-in)
TWO BASIC FUNCTIONS
* Navigations functions
* Basic Delivery functions
THREE LEVELS OF CARE IN THE MNCHN SERVICE DELIVERY NETWORK
1. Community level service providers or community health care team
6 signal obstetric function
→ Parenteral administration of oxytocin in the third stage of labor
→ Parenteral administration of loading dose of anticonvulsant
→ Performance of assisted deliveries (imminent breech delivery)
→ Removal of retained products or conception
→ Manual removal of retained placenta
A BemONC-capable facility
Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act Of 2002
▪ Informally known as Reproductive Health Law
▪ Signed by Benigno Aquino III on January 17, 2013
RA 10254 –
The guiding principles of the FP program also called the four pillars of the
(PFFP) are as follows.
- Responsible parenthood
- Respect for life
- Birth spacing
- Informed choice
Fertility awareness-based (FAB) method
- Billings’ ovulation method (BOM)
- Basal body temperature (BBT)
- Symptothermal method
- Standard Days Methods (SDM)
- Two-day Method
Newborn Screening (NBS)
Ideally done on the 48th -72nd hour of life; also, be done after 24hours of life but
not later than 3days from the complete delivery of the newborn.
Inability to produce thyroid
hormone
Severe Mental
Retardation
Congenital
Hypothyroidism
Inherited disorder
- Inability of the adrenal gland to
secrete cortisol or aldosterone,
or both.
Death
. Congenital Adrenal
Hyperplasia
Inherited disorder
- The body unable to metabolize
galactose and the person is
unable to tolerate any form of
milk.
Death
Cataracts
Galactosemia
Without the ability to properly
break down an amino acid
called phenylalanine.
. Phenylketonuria
- The red blood cells break down
when the body is exposed to
certain drugs, food, severe
stress or severe infection
- Glucose-6-
phosphatedehydrogenase
(C6PD Deficiency)
- Unable to break down amino
acid leucine, isoleucine, and
valine - Urine of affected person smells
like maple syrup
Maple Syrup Urine
Disease
Newborn Screening is available in:
Hospitals
* Lying-in clinics
* RHUs
* Health centers
* Some private clinics
Newborn Screening Results
o Normal (Negative)
Results are available 7 – 14 working days from the time samples are received at
the NSC.
also known as the UNIVERSAL NEWBORN HEARING SCREENING AND
INTERVENTION
RA 9709 –
AKA MANDATORY INFANT AND CHILDREN HEALTH IMMUNIZATION ACT OF 2011
➢ RA 10152
provided for COMPULSARY IMMUNIZATION AGAINST HEPATITIS B FOR INFANTS
AND CHILDREN BELOW 8 YEARS OLD.
RA 7846 –
Formulas to Estimate Eligible Population:
Estimated number of infant = total population x 2.7%
EPI vaccines and the special diluents have the following cold chain requirements:
* OPV:
15 to 25oC; must be stored in the freezer
Fully Immunized Children (FIC)
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)
▪ 3 doses of Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)
▪ 3 doses of Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus Vaccine
▪ 3 doses of Hepatitis B
▪ 3 doses of Pentavalent vaccine (Contains five antigens – diphtheria, pertussis,
tetanus, and hepatitis B and Haemophilus influenzae type b)
▪ 1 dose of anti-measles.
Those who completed their immunization schedule at the age of 12 -23 months.
Completely Immunized Children
o Those who completed their i
used to describe a child whose mother has received:
a. 2 doses of tetanus toxoid during this pregnancy, provided that the 2nd dose was given at
least a month prior to delivery; or
b. at least 3 doses of tetanus toxoid any time prior to pregnancy with this child.
➢ A child protected at birth (CPAB)
also known as the MILK CODE
✓ EO no. 51
provided for the observance of the NATIONAL FOOD FORTIFICATION day in
November 7.
EO no. 382 –
– also known as ROOMING-IN AND BREASTFEEDING ACT
RA 7600
– also known as ASIN (ACT FOR SALT IODIZATION NATIONWIDE)
✓ RA 8172
also known as the PHILIPPINE FOOD FORTIFICATION ACT
RA 8976
also known as EXPANDED BREASTFEEDING PROMOTION ACT
RA 10028 –
also known as EXPANDED GARANTISADONG PAMBATA
AO 36, s2010 –
Infant receives breast milk and allows to receive oral hydration salt, drops,
syrups (minerals, vitamins, medicines) but nothing else.
Exclusive breastfeeding
Children aged 1-2years is done every 6months.
▪ 12-24months are given Abendazole 200mg or half tablet or Mebendazole 500mg
tab
Deworming
100,000 IU is given to 6-11months; 200,000 IU is given to 12-71months old
Vitamin A Capsule
Top 10 Causes of Mortality in the Philippines (2009)
- Diseases of the heart
- Cerebrovascular diseases
- Malignant neoplasm
- Pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
- COPD
- Diabetes
- Nephritis, Nephrotic syndrome
- Assault
- Certain conditions arising from perinatal period
“CAUTION US
C- change in bowel or bladder habits
A- a sore throat that does not heal
U- unusual bleeding or discharge
T- thickening or lump in breast
I- Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O- Obvious change in a wart or mole
N- Nagging cough or hoarseness
U- Unexplained anemia
S- Sudden weight loss
Magna Carta for Disabled Persons
* National Health Program for Persons With Disabilities
o Vision
▪ Improve the total well-being of persons with disabilities (PWDs)
R.A. 7277-
National Healthy Lifestyle Advocacy Campaign. Declaring
the years 2005- 2015 as the decade of healthy lifestyle.
Executive Order No.
958
Free emergency medical and dental treatment for
employees.
R.A. 1054
Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003. Regulates the packaging,
use, sale, distribution, and advertisements of tobacco
products
R.A. 9211
Penalties for Violations of the Dangerous Drug Act of
1972.
R.A. 6425
Comprehensive Dangerous Drug Act of 2002.
R.A. 9165
Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act of 1997.
R.A. 8423
Guidelines for the Implementation of the National
Prevention of Blindness Program.
Administrative Order
No. 179 series of 2004
Creation of a Program Management Committee for the
National Prevention of Blindness Program.
Department
Personnel Order No.
2005-0547
Declaring the month of August every year as “Sight
Saving Month”
Proclamation No. 40
Magna Carta for Disabled Persons. An act providing for
the rehabilitation and self-reliance of disabled persons
and their integration into the mainstream of society and
for other purposes.
R.A. 7277
An act restructuring the Excise Tax on Alcohol and
Tobacco, which prescribes higher tax rates on tobacco
and alcohol products. The law imposes higher taxes on
cigarette and alcohol products for the next five years. It
R.A 10352
Disease occurs only occasionally
o Ex: botulism, tetanus
Sporadic Disease
Constantly present in a population, country or
community
o Ex: Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Endemic Disease –
Acquire disease in a relatively short period greater
than normal number of cases in an area within a short period of time
Epidemic Disease
Time interval between the initial infection and the 1st appearance of any signs
and symptoms
Incubation Period
Early, mild symptoms of disease
Prodromal Period
Overt signs and symptoms of disease
▪ WBC may increase or decrease can result to death if immune response or
medical intervention fails
Period of Illness
Signs and symptoms subside
▪ Vulnerable to secondary infection
Period of Decline
Regains strength and the body returns to its
▪ Pre diseased state
▪ Recovery has occurred
Period of Convalescence
DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER Vectors
▪ Aedes aegypti (breeds in water stored in houses)
▪ Aedes albopictu
High grade fever, headache, body malaise, conjunctival injection,
vomiting, epistaxis or gum bleeding, positive tourniquet test.
First 4 days – Febrile or Invasive stage
4th – 7th day – Toxic or Hemorrhagic Stage
After the lyze of the fever, this is where the complication of dengue is
expected to come out as manifested by:
Dengue fever, saddleback fever plus constitutional signs and
symptoms plus positive tornique test
Grade I –
Stage I plus spontaneous bleeding, epistaxis, GI, cutaneous bleeding
2
Dengue Shock Syndrome, all of the following signs and symptoms
plus evidence of circulatory failure
3
Grade III plus irreversible shock and massive bleeding
4
Wuchereria bancrofti and Bulgaria malayi
▪ Transmitted to the bite of infected female mosquito (Aedes, Anopheles, Mansonia)
▪ The larvae are carried in the blood stream and lodged in lymphatic vessels and lymph
glands where they mature in adult form
FILARIASIS
a zoonotic systemic infection caused by Leptospira, that penetrate intact and
abraded skin through exposure to water, wet soil contaminated with urine of
infected animals.
LEPTOSIPROSIS (WEIL’S DISEASE)
Hepatic and renal manifestation
- Jaundice, hepatomegaly
- Oliguria, anuria which progress to renal failure
- Shock, coma, CHF
- Convalescent Period
-Icteric Type (Weil Syndrome)
manifested by fever, conjunctival injection
- signs of meningeal irritation
Anicteric Type (without jaundice)
AKA “King of the Tropical Disease”
- An acute and chronic infection caused by protozoa plasmodia
- Infectious but not contagious
- Transmitted through the bite of female Anopheles mosquito
MALARIA
more widely distributed
- causes benign tertian malaria
- chills and fever every 48 hours in 3 days
Plasmodium vivax
common in the Philippines
- Causes the most serious type of malaria because of high parasitic densities in blood.
- Causes malignant tertian malaria
➢ Plasmodium falciparum
much less frequent
- causes quartan malaria, fever and chills every 72 hrs in 4 days
Plasmodium malaria
Rarely seen type of malaria
Plasmodium ovale
Clinical Manifestation Stages
1. Cold stage – 10-15 mins, chills, shakes
2. Hot stage – 4-6 hours, recurring high grade fever, severe headache, vomitting,
abdominal pain, face is blue
3. Diaphoretic Stage – excessive sweating
Malaria
-Caused by bacterial pathogen, N. meningitidis, H. Influenza, Strep. Pneumoniae,
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Inflammation of the meninges
The ear (otitis media) -
Haemophilus influenzae
o The lung (lobar pneumoniae)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Neisseria meningitidis,
Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus, Group B
he upper respiratory tract (rhinopharyngitis)
The skin and subcutaneous tissue (furunculosis)
S. aureus
The bone (osteomyelitis)
S. aureus
The intestine
E. coli
Clinical Manifestation: Sudden onset of high-grade fever, rash and rapid deterioration
of clinical condition within 24 hours
MENINGOCOCCEMIA
- Caused by Neisseria meningitides, a gram-negative diplococcus
- Transmitted through airborne or close contact
- Spiking Fever
- Chills
- Arthralgia
- Sudden appearance of hemorrhagic rash
Meningococcemia
Septic Shock
- Hypotension
- Tachycardia
- Enlarging Petechial Rash
- Adrenal Insufficiency
Fulminant Meningococcemia (Waterhouse Friderichsen)
Acute viral encephalomyelitis
* Incubation period is 4 days up to 19 years
RABIES
fever, headache, paresthesia,
Prodrome -
excessive motor activity, hypersensitivity to bright light, loud
noise, hypersalivation, dilated pupils
Encephalitic –
dysphagia, hydrophobia, apnea
Brainstem dysfunction –
Diagnosis
o FAT (fluorescent antibody test)
o Clinical history and signs and symptoms
Rabies
Disease of the lower motor neuron involving the anterior horn cells
- Infantile paralysis
- AKA Heine-Medin disease
POLIOMYELITIS
- RNA, Poli
Lie the victim flat
- ice compress and constructivist materials are contraindicated
- Transport the patient to the nearest hospital
SNAKEBITE
Difficulty of opening the mouth (trismus or lockjaw)
-Risus sardonicus (lockjaw)
-Abdominal rigidity
-Localized or generalized muscle spasm
TETANUS
severe jaundice
o edema
o ascites
o hepatosplenomegaly
o Signs and symptoms of portal hypertension
Schistosomiasis
Schistosomiasis
- caused by blood flukes, Schistosoma
- has 3 species
S. haematobium, S. Mansoni, S. japonicum (Ph)
Spread chiefly by carriers, ingestion of infected foods
- Endemic particularly in areas of low sanitation levels
- Occurs more common in May to August
TYPHOID FEVER
Rose spot (abdominal rashes), more than 7days Step ladder fever 40-41 deg,
headache, abdominal pain, constipation (adults), mild diarrhea (children)
TYPHOID FEVER
Poor sanitation, contaminated water supply, unsanitary preparation of food,
malnutrition, disaster conditions
➢ Incubation Period: 15-50 days
➢ Signs/Symptoms:
- Influenza
- Malaise and easy fatigability
- Anorexia and abdominal discomfort
- Nausea and vomiting
HEPATITIS A
Main cause of liver cirrhosis and liver cancer
➢ Incubation Period: 2-5 months
➢ Mode of Transmission
- From person to person through
- contact with infected blood through broken skin and mucous membrane
HEPATITIS B
Mode of transmission – percutaneous, BT
- Predisposing factors – paramedical teams and blood recipients
- Incubation period – 2weeks – 6 month
HEPATITIS C
Dormant type
- Can be acquired only if with hepatitis B
Hepa D
If hepatitis __recurs at age 20-30, it can lead to cancer of the liver
- Enteric hepatitis
- Fecal-oral route
HEPATITIS E
- If h
4 characteristic features
i. Coryza
ii. Conjunctivitis
iii. Photophobia
iv. Cough
→ Koplik’s spots
→ Stimson’s line
MEASLES
Maculopapular rashes appear first on the hairline, forehead, post
auricular area the spread to the extremities (cephalocaudal)
b. Eruptive Stage
teratogenic potential on the fetus of women in the 1st trimester
➢ Signs and Symptoms
o Forchheimer Spots (petecchial lesion on buccal cavity or soft palate),
o Cervical lymphadenopathy, low grade fever
o “Oval, rose red papules about the size of pinhead
GERMAN MEASLES (RUBELLA)
Fever, malaise, headache
▪ Rashes: Maculopapulovesicular (covered areas), Centrifugal, starts on face and
trunk and spreads to entire body
CHICKEN POX, VARICELLA
Signs and symptoms:Rashes:
* Maculopapulovesiculopustular
* Centripetal
* contagious until all crusts disappeared
V. SMALLPOX, VARIOLA
Mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome
▪ Children younger than 5 years old are primarily affected.
▪ Associated with large coronary blood vessel vasculitits
KAWASAKI DISEASE
Characterized by generalized systemic toxemia from a localized inflammatory focus
→ Infants immune for 6 months of life
→ Produces exotoxin
VII. DIPTHERIA
5-10 spasms of explosive cough (no time to catch breath. A peculiar inspiratory
crowing sound followed by prolonged expiration and a sudden noisy inspiration
with a long high pitched “whoop”
WHOOPING COUGH
Susceptibility is highest in children under 3 years
- AKA: Koch’s disease: Galloping consumption
➢ Signs and Symptoms
- Weight Loss
- Night Sweats
- Low Fever,
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS
Group A beta hemolytic streptococcus
- Respiratory
- Incubation 2-5 days
- Fever, red sandpaper rash, white strawberry tongue, flushed cheeks, red strawberry
SCARLET FEVER
: fever, severe abdominal pain, diarrhea is watery to bloody with
pus, tenesmus
BACILLARY DYSENTERY - SHIGELLOSIS
Vibrio coma (inaba, ogawa, hikojima), vibrio cholerae, vibrio el tor; gram (-)
CHOLERA
Leads to iron deficiency and hypochromic microcytic anemia
- Gain entry via the skin
- Diagnosis: microscopic exam (stool exam)
HOOKWORM (ROUNDWORM)
Chronic parasitic infection
- Closely resembles PTB
- Endemic areas: mindoro, camarines sur, norte, samar, sorsogon, leyte, albay, basilan
- Paragonimiasis
- AKA: Lung fluke disease
PARAGONIMIASIS
Adult worms live less than 10 months (18 months max.)
* Female can produce up to 200000 eggs per day
ASCARIASIS
* Common worldwide with greatest frequency in tropical countries.
Taenia saginata (cattle), Taenia Solium (pigs)
* Mode of Transmission: fecal oral route
(ingestion of food contaminated by the agent)
* Signs and Symptoms: neurocysticercosis – seizures, hydrocephalus
TAPEWORM (FLATWORMS)
Enterobius vermicularis
* Mode of Transmission: fecal oral route
PINWORM
Single celled dinoflagellates (red planktons) become poisonous after heavy rain fall
preceded by prolonged summer
PARALYTIC SHELLFISH POISONING
Diplopia, dysphagia, symmetric descending flaccid paralysis,
ptosis, depressed gag reflex, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, respiratory paralysis
BOTULISM
Presence of Hansen’s bacilli in stained smear or dried biopsy material.
o Presence of localized areas of anesthesia
LEPROSY
nfectious disease of birds caused by Type A strains of the influenza virus
o First identified in Italy more than 100 years ago
AVIAN INFLUENZA
influenza A (H5N1) infection have been reported in Cambodia, China,
Indonesia, Thailand, and Vietnam.
▪ Clinical manifestations
o Patients develop fever, sore throat, cough, in fatal cases, severe respiratory
distress may result secondary to pneumonia
. BIRD FLU
Most widely used influenza vaccine
o Administered IM
o Indicated for all persons older than 6 months of age
o Studies in children have shown efficacy from 30-90%
DEADLY AVIAN FLU
Females: usually asymptomatic or minimal urethral discharge w/ lower
abdominal pain, sterility, or ectopic pregnancy
→ Male: Mucopurulent discharge, painful urination, decreased sperm count
GONORRHEA, MORNING DROP, CLAP, JACK
Treponema pallidum, spirochete
o “Beautiful” fast moving but delicate spiral thread
o Incubation Period: 10-90 days
SYPHILIS
systemic; generalized macular papular rash including palms and soles
and painless wartlike lesions in vulva or scrotum (condylomata lata) and
lymphadenopathy
Secondary
Painful sexual intercourse, Painful vesicles (cervix, vagina,
perineum, glans penis)
HERPES GENITALIS
Condyloma Acuminatum
o HPV type 6 & 11, papilloma virus
o Signs and symptoms: Single or multiple soft, fleshy painless growth of the vulva,
vagina, cervix, urethra, or anal area, Vaginal bleeding, discharge, odor and
GENITAL WARTS
Cheesy white discharge, extreme itchiness
o Diagnosis: KOH (wet smear indicate positive result)
CANDIDIASIS, MONILIASIS
Females: itching, burning on urination, Yellow gray frothy malodorous vaginal
discharge, Foul smelling
▪ Males: usually asymptomatic
➢ TRICHOMONIASIS
(1 mo after initial exposure) – fever, malaise,
lymphadenopathy
Acute viral illness
8 yrs w/ no sx; towards end, bacterial and skin infections and
constitutonal sx – AIDS related complex; CD4 counts 400-200
Clinical latency
2 yrs; CD4 T lymphocyte < 200 w/ (+) ELISA or Western Blot and
opportunistic infections
AIDS
CD4+ 500 OR MORE
HIV CLASSIFICATION
▪ CATEGORY 1 –
CD4+ 200-499
2
CD4+ LESS THAN 200
3
code of sanitation
PD 856-
Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
R.A. 9003
all discarded nonhazardous household commercial and Institutional
waste, street sweepings, and construction debris.
Municipal Waste
Refers to the refuse that is generated in the diagnosis, treatment or
immunization of human beings or animals together with those related to
the production or research of the same.
Health Care Waste
Nonhazardous and non-biodegradable waste.
Black/Colorless
Nonhazardous biodegradable wastes
o Green
Pathological/anatomical waste
Yellow with Biohazard Symbol
Pharmaceutical/cytotoxic or chemical waste.
Yellow with Black Band
Infectious wastes
o Yellow Bag that can be Autoclaved
radioactive wastes
o Orange with Radioactive Symbol
– Food and Drug Administration Act
R. A. 9711 –
occurs before a disaster is imminent and is known as the “nondisaster stage.
Preventions Stage
– includes training in first aid, assembling a disaster
emergency kit, establishing a predetermined meeting place away from home, and
making a family communication plan
Preparedness and Planning Stage
– begins immediately after the disaster incident occurs
a. Includes evacuation, search and rescue, and staging area (the on-site incident
command station), and triage area
Response Stage –
begins when the danger from the disaster has passed and
concerned local and national agencies are present in the area to help victims rebuild
their lives and the community
Recovery Stage –
Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Act;
R.A. 10121 –
provides the public, media, and/or other agencies with required
information related to the incident
Public Information Officer
nearly everyone feels the need to rush to help people survive
a. Medical personnel may work hours without sleep, under dangerous and lifethreatening conditions; may help in areas in which they’re not familiar and have
no experience
Heroic Phase
survivors gather and begin to tell their stories and review
repeatedly what has occurred
Honeymoon Phase
feelings of despair arise
a. Medical personnel may begin to experience depression due to exhaustion
Disillusionment Phase –
some sense of normalcy in returning
a. Restored some of the buildings, business, homes and services
Reconstruction Phase –
can occur following an individual’s
experiencing or witnessing a life-threatening event; often relive the experience
through nightmares and flashbacks
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) –
