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MCN 109Lec Midterm > Nursing Care of a Child With Gastrointestinal Disorder > Flashcards

Nursing Care of a Child With Gastrointestinal Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

Common diagnostic procedures include in GI

A

fiberoptic endoscopy
colonoscopy, and
barium enema.

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2
Q

Fluid Balance

adult-infants-children

A

adults, body water accounts for approximately 60% of total weight. in children, it averages approximately 65% to 70%. In infants, it accounts for as much as 75% to 80% of total weight;

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3
Q

interstitial and the intravascular fluid together are often referred to as

A

extracellular fluid (ECF),

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4
Q

In infants, the extracellular portion is much greater, totaling up to

A

45% of total body weight.

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5
Q

ECF in n young children, this amount is

A

30%

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6
Q

ECF in adolescents

A

25%

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7
Q

Fluid is distributed in three body compartments:

A

intracellular (within cells), 35% to 40%
interstitial (surrounding cells and bloodstream), 20% of body weight; and
(c) intravascular (blood plasma), 5% of body weight.

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8
Q

treatment for vomiting is to

A

withhold food from the stomach for a time

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9
Q

To decrease vomiting, withhold food and fluid for a time (nothing by mouth [NPO]) for how many hours?

A

period of 3 to 6 hours

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10
Q

World Health Organization provides a home recipe for fluid rehydration

A

2 tablespoons of sugar (or honey) with 1 ⁄4 teaspoon of table salt and 1 ⁄4 teaspoon of baking soda dissolved in 1 liter (1 qt) of water.

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11
Q

most common viral pathogens that invade the GI tract include

A

rotaviruses and adenoviruses

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12
Q

most common bacterial pathogens include

A

Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella, Giardia lamblia, and Clostridium difficile

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13
Q

All children with severe diarrhea or diarrhea that persists longer than 24 hours should have a

A

stool culture taken so definite antibiotic therapy can be prescribed.

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14
Q

For a child who will not drink, an IV solution such as

A

normal saline or 5% glucose in normal saline is begun

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15
Q

Salmonella bacteria

Incubation period:

A

6 to 72 hours for intraluminal type; 7 to 14 days for extraluminal type

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16
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

Incubation period:

A

1 day to more than 3 weeks

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17
Q

Bacterial infection of diarrhea (3)

A

Salmonella
Shigella
Listeria

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18
Q

occurs from a neuromuscular disturbance in which the gastroesophageal (cardiac) sphincter and the lower portion of the esophagus spasm and allow easy regurgitation of gastric contents into the esophagus.

A

Gastroesophageal Reflux in Infant

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19
Q

used to measure the strength of the esophageal sphincter

A

Esophageal manometry

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20
Q

traditional treatment of GI reflux is to

A

feed infants a formula thickened with rice cereal (1 tbsp of cereal per 1 oz of formula or breast milk) while holding them in an upright position

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21
Q

Irritation to the esophagus occurs when stomach contents, including hydrochloric acid, reflux through the lower esophageal sphincter and irritate the esophageal lining.

A

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

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22
Q

the opening between the lower portion of the stomach and the beginning portion of the intestine, the duodenum.

A

pyloric sphincter

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23
Q

hypertrophy or hyperplasia of the muscle surrounding the sphincter occurs, it is difficult for the stomach to empty, a condition called

A

pyloric stenosis

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24
Q

The vomiting grows increasingly forceful until it is projectile, possibly projecting as much (pyloric stenosis) feet?

A

3-4 feet

24
Q

The vomiting grows increasingly forceful until it is projectile, possibly projecting as much (pyloric stenosis) feet?

A

3-4 feet

25
Q

pyloric stenosis diagnosis?

A

begins at 6 week of age
Projectile vomiting
Immediate after eating

26
Q

treatment for pyloric stenosis

A

surgical or laparoscopic correction (a pyloromyotomy),

27
Q

intermittent protrusion of the stomach up through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm.

A

Hiatal hernia

28
Q

Hiatal hernia is diagnosed by

A

history and an ultrasound or barium swallow.

29
Q

shallow excavation formed in the mucosal wall of the stomach, the pylorus, or the duodenum.

A

peptic ulcer

30
Q

the most reliable diagnostic test to confirm the diagnosis of peptic ulcer disease

A

Fiberoptic endoscopy

31
Q

Adolescents are prescribed an antibiotic such as for peptic ulcer

A

amoxicillin or clarithromycin (Biaxin) and a proton pump inhibitor such as omeprazole (Prilosec).

32
Q

Younger children are prescribed for pepetic ulcer?

A

cimetidine (Tagamet) because safe levels of omeprazole

33
Q

Mode of transmission: In children, of hepatitis A

A

ingestion of fecally contaminated water or shellfish; day care center spread from contaminated changing tables

34
Q

immunity for hepa A

A

HAV vaccine (recommended for all children 12 to 23 months of age and workers in day care centers)

35
Q

DNA virus, 120 days average of incubation period Mode of transmission: Transfusion of contaminated blood and plasma or semen;

A

Hepatitis B

36
Q

single-strand RNA virus. Transmission, as with HBV, is primarily by blood or blood products, IV drug use, or sexual contact.

A

Hepatitis C (HCV)

37
Q

hepatitis is enterically transmitted similarly to hepatitis A (fecally contaminated water).

A

Hepatitis E

38
Q

All hepatitis viruses cause liver cell destruction, leading to increased

A

serum aspartate amino transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase levels.

39
Q

Symptoms of hepatitis B are more marked. Children report generalized aching, in what location?

A

right upper quadrant pain, and headache.

40
Q

means “yellow,” or the typical color of hepatic scar tissue.

A

Cirrhosis

41
Q

a frequent complication of liver disorders such as cirrhosis

A

Esophageal varices

42
Q

Liver transplantation requires a wide

A

subcostal incision. The vena cava is temporarily clamped during the removal of the natural liver to prevent bleeding,

43
Q

Postoperative care for liver transplant

A

child is positioned flat for the first 24 hours to prevent cerebral air emboli, which may result from any air remaining in the transplanted liver. Typically, children have a nasogastric tube inserted during surgery attached

44
Q

is the most common cause of abdominal surgery in children

A

Appendix

45
Q

point of sharpest pain is often one third of the way between the anterior superior iliac crest and the umbilicus

A

McBurney’s point

46
Q

In embryonic life, the intestine is attached to the umbilicus by the omphalomesenteric (vitelline) duct.

A

Meckel’s Diverticulum

47
Q

bnormal immunologic response to protein, particularly the gluten factor of protein found in grains—wheat, rye, oats, and barley.

A

Celiac Disease (Malabsorption Syndrome; Gluten-Induced Enteropathy)

48
Q

Treatment for celiac disease

A

gluten-free diet for life, because there is some suggestion that these children are more prone to GI carcinoma later in life if they do not continue the diet into adulthood.

49
Q

protrusion of a section of the bowel into the inguinal ring. It occurs usually in boys (9:1) because, as the testes descend from the abdomina

A

Inguinal hernia

50
Q

Treatment of inguinal hernia

A

laparoscopy surgery. The bowel is returned to the abdominal cavity and retained there by sealing the inguinal ring.

51
Q

is absence of ganglionic innervation to the muscle of a section of the bowel—in most instances, the lower portion of the sigmoid colon just above the anus

A

Hirschsprung’s disease, or aganglionic megacolon,

52
Q

Two conditions are categorized as inflammatory bowel disease:

A

ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease

53
Q

inflammation of segments of the intestine; it may affect any part of the GI tract but most commonly involves the terminal ileum.

A

Crohn’s disease

54
Q

typically the colon and rectum are involved, with the distal colon and rectum most severely affected, and inflammation involves continuous segments.

A

ulcerative colitis

55
Q

disease caused by protein deficiency, occurs most frequently in children ages 1 to 3 years, because this age group requires a high protein intake.

A

Kwashiorkor,

56
Q

Edema results from? in kwashiorkor

A

hypoproteinemia,

57
Q

Because iodine is not supplemented in food except as iodized salt, a diet deficient in iodine may lead to either

A

hypothyroidism or overgrowth (goiter) of the thyroid

58
Q

What medication is needed to correct the IRon deficiency.

A

Supplemental iodine or synthetic thyroxine (Synthroid)

MCN 109Lec Midterm (5 decks)

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