Nursing 2750 Nutrition: Exam Two Flashcards
What marks the transition (in terms of growth) from infancy into childhood?
Slower growth in uneven spurts
How does the transition from infancy to childhood impact hunger and nutritional needs?
Nutrition needs and hunger levels will depend on how much growth is occurring, so hunger might increase and decrease accordingly
What are the primary nutrients of concern in early childhood?
Protein
Calcium
Iron
Zinc
What is the role of adults in childhood nutrition?
Providing food
Role modeling good food choices
Controlling the food environment
How can snacking be beneficial in childhood? Harmful?
Beneficial: can boost nutrient intake
Harmful: often very sugary and replace nutrient dense foods
What is the true concern with sugary snacks?
Displacing healthier foods, leading to deficiencies
Excess calories and fat
What are two ways that TV plays a role in childhood nutrition?
Commercials advertise unhealthy foods
Many children eat while watching TV, which has been linked to consumption of lower quality food
What are some concerning trends in childhood dietary intake?
Increase in total caloric intake
Decrease in healthy food consumption
Only 1% of children meet recommendations for all food groups
What are some considerations for intake of fruit juice?
high in sugar, leading to cavities
Excess intake can fill child up, leading to decrease in nutrient (especially iron) dense foods
What are important considerations for nutrition of children from ages 4-6?
Snacking can boost nutrient intake
New foods can be introduced
Children can start to be responsible for healthy choices
What are considerations when introducing new foods into a child’s diet?
It may take 8-10 exposures to get the child to enjoy the food
Have backup meal plans
What are general things to remember when considering nutrition for children ages 7-12?
Lots of growth happens in this time preparing for puberty
Caloric and protein needs increase
Calcium, iron, and zinc needs increase
Having healthy snack options at home is important
Many social factors involved in eating at school
What is the impact of low zinc in childhood?
Decreased growth rate
What are two categories of community support for childhood nutrition?
School food service
Classroom nutrition education
What is provided by the National School Lunch Program?
Lunch at varying cost depending on family income
What standards are used to regulate school lunch programs?
Dietary guidelines for Americans
What foods must be provided by school lunches?
Fruits Veggies Whole grains Low/nonfat milk Cultural options
What are some hindrances to school nutrition education?
Low funding
Unprepared teachers
Unchanging home lifestyles of students
Where can lead be found?
Old paint
Porcelain fixtures
Soil
Air pollution
Why are children at higher risk for lead poisoning?
They naturally absorb more minerals than adults
What nutritional deficiencies increase lead absorption?
Iron, calcium, zinc
What can be the effect of lead exposure?
Cognitive and perceptual issues leading to learning ability issues
Which racial, ethnic, and gender groups are at higher risk for being overweight?
Black non-Hispanic girls
Mexican American boys
What are some causes of higher childhood obesity?
More snacks
Eating away from home more
Bigger portion sizes
Sedentary lifestyles
When it is appropriate to intervene regarding the weight of a child or teen?
When the patient is motivated to do so
Or when experiencing weight associated disorders
Why has the age for T2DM been getting younger?
Childhood obesity
Lack of activity
Poor quality diets
What helps prevent T2DM in children?
Matching energy intake with output
What is the goal of treatment of T2DM in children?
Maintaining current weight while growing
How does poverty affect the incidence of iron deficiency anemia?
Risk for lead poisoning, which decreases iron absorption
Chronic hunger and nutrient deficiency
How do government nutrition programs hinder in decreasing rate of iron deficient anemia?
Many food options made available to the poor are iron poor foods, like cheese, butter, and milk
What are some disadvantages of cows milk for toddlers?
Low in iron
Excess intake decreases appetite
How much juice should a toddler consume in a day?
Only 4-6 ounces
What contributes to a toddler’s decreased appetite?
Decrease in growth rate
What are some consequences of inadequate nutrition in children?
Impaired immunity
Depleted muscle mass
Depleted functional capacity
Why do intense food preferences emerge in preschool years?
Way to control environment
More reactive to taste and texture in this time
What foods are preschoolers most likely to be allergic to?
Milk
Eggs
Peanuts
How could a nurse counsel parents about picky preschool aged children at mealtimes?
Don’t make it a power struggle
For the most part, food jags will not last that long or have a detrimental effect on overall nutrition
Offer options
Why is it important to let toddlers feed themselves as much as possible?
Promotes autonomy and motor skill development
Which populations of children are most likely to develop iron deficiency anemia?
Children under six months who are exclusively breastfed
Lower income families
Those in an environment with high lead poisoning risk
Cultural groups (African American, Hispanic American, Native American)
What factors affect food choice and differentiate it from what is popular in general culture?
Age Gender Health Household structure Socioeconomic status
True or False: Race, ethnicity, and region are synonymous with culture
False
Background does not automatically equate to culture
Assuming that culture is synonymous with background leads to…
Stereotyping
Acculturation
Immigrants adopting attributes of a new culture
What does culture determine in regards to food?
What is edible and inedible
How do food cultures originate?
In ones own culture and based on religion and nationality
What criteria must a food meet to be labeled as a food?
It must be readily available, safe, and nutritious enough to support reproduction
True/false: all cultures define as edible ALL sources of food that meet criteria to be called food
False, some things are edible but not socially acceptable
What are some cultural examples in the US of edible foods that are not acceptable culturally?
Horse meat, insects, dog/cat meat
CULTURE OVERRIDES FLAVOR
..
What should one include when planning a diet for a patient?
Patient’s favorite foods/food preferences
What factors influence food ranking in each culture?
Cost and availability
Core foods
Foods that provide a significant source of daily calories and are regularly included in the diet
What has replaced traditional diets high in complex carbs in much of the world?
High fat diets
What elements of food preparation are influenced by culture?
Cooking method, seasoning, and food choice
How are foods often prepared in Asian culture?
Stir fried
How are foods often prepared in Hispanic cultures?
Boiled
Why is assessing cultural needs essential to diet planning?
Because many cultural and religious groups have dietary laws that must be followed
What are components of cultural assessment?
Religion
Culture
Beliefs
When the nurse has the ability to adapt practiced skills to fit the clients cultural context, we say she is providing….
Culturally competent care
What is a general example of how food is used symbolically?
Food being viewed as synonymous with celebration in every culture
What are some specific examples of symbolic uses of foods?
Specific foods at specific holidays or celebrations
Foods being considered masculine or feminine
Foods considered “comfort foods”
Foods with links to the past
What are some variations in when and how food is eaten?
Frequency: at least once a day, up to five or more times a day
Varying meal times
Varying rules surrounding meal times
Desirable/undesirable personal and public behavior and social interactions are defined by…
Cultural values
What kinds of foods will patients do better with during an illness?
Foods familiar to them so ask about favorite foods when diet planning
What are orthodox Jewish beliefs about fish?
Only fish with scales and fins
What are Orthodox Jewish beliefs/rules about which meats can be eaten?
Vegetable eaters
Those with cloven hooves
Ritually slaughtered
Can dairy and meat be combined in Orthodox Judaism?
No, they cannot be combined in the same meal
What are food purified in the Jewish way called?
Kosher
What are meats slaughtered according to Islamic rules called?
Halal
Can Orthodox Jews eat Halal meat?
Yes, because it is prepared in the way prescribed by Judaism as well
Why is it important to understand the patient’s dietary preferences and medications?
Because there can be diet and medication interactions
True/false: almost all cultures define certain foods that promote wellness, cure disease, and impart medicinal properties
True
What is hot oregano tea with salt used for in Vietnamese culture?
Treating an upset stomach
True/false: culture shapes body image
True
How is being overweight/obese viewed in US culture?
As a character flaw and as being undesirable
Historically, what has thinness been associated with?
Risk factor for poor health and poverty
How do African, Mexican, Indian, and Caribbean cultures view being overweight?
As a sign of health, beauty, and prosperity
Is acculturation limited to immigrants?
No, it can also apply to moving from one community or area to another
What sorts of things are adopted culturally when someone acculturates?
Beliefs
Values
Attitudes
Behaviors
What is dietary acculturation?
When eating habits of immigrants change to resemble those of the host country
What is acculturation linked to in the United States?
Increased risk of chronic disease and obesity
Intake of what increases with acculturation?
Sweets and fats
Dietary acculturation is most likely to change food choices for what meals?
Breakfast and lunch
so focus on these in education and assessment
What is a better option than advising someone to completely eliminate a culturally important food from their diet?
Advising portion control of that food, or a lower sodium/fat option of that food
How does frequency of consumption change the impact of that food?
If it is unhealthy but only consumed rarely or on special occasions, it has very little impact on the total diet and probably does not need to be addressed
DONT ASSUME THE CLIENT KNOWS WHICH AMERICAN FOODS ARE HEALTHY
DO ADVISE CLIENT TO EAT FRUITS/VEGGIES THAT ARE SIMILAR TO CULTURAL NORM BUT PERHAPS UNAVAILABLE
What kind of food is common for those of African American heritage?
Soul food
What are the health risks of soul food?
High in fat, cholesterol, and sodium
What are nutrition related problems common with African Americans?
High fat intake
Higher obesity prevalence
Higher mortality rate from heart disease and strokes
What cultures influence traditional Mexican diets?
Spanish and Native American cultures
What are defining characteristics of Mexican American diets?
Low fat
High fiber
Lots of complex carbs
Lots of vegetable proteins
What are staple foods of the Mexican American diets?
Corn
Corn products
Beans
Rice
Why is milk not widely used in Mexican American diets?
Lactose intolerance is common
Is salsa a good source of veggies?
Yes
What are Mexican American beliefs in regards to illness?
It is inevitable and to be endured
Hot and cold foods may be used for healing purposes
True/false: Mexican American beliefs include prayer for illness and lighting candles on behalf of a sick person
True
How does Mexican American intake of fruits and veggies compare to other cultures?
They consume a lot compared to other cultures
Mexican Americans may not get enough of what nutrient?
Fiber
As they acculturate, Mexican Americans consume too much what?
Fast food
Salty snacks
Mexican Americans have high percentages of what health issues?
Obesity
Type 2 diabetes
What are some staple foods in Chinese American cuisine?
Vegetables, sea veggies, fish, nuts, seeds, beans, soy, herbs, spices, tea, beer
How does Asian American risk for obesity and diabetes compare to other ethnic cultures?
They have the lowest risk of those complications
How do Asian cultures use dairy?
Sparingly, lactose intolerance is common
Why is calcium intake high in Asian diets?
High calcium in tofu
Also in the bones of small fish, which are eaten, and soups with those bones dissolved in them
What does Asian sodium intake usually look like?
High intake, because of things like soy sauce
most Asian cultures eat a lot of soup in their diet
soup is low in fat YAY
What are Asian beliefs about health and illness?
Related to the balance of yin and yang in the body
What does yin represent in Asian cultures?
Female
Cold
Darkness
What does yang represent in Asian culture?
Male
Hot
Light
How would one cure disease caused by yin forces?
Yang foods
Is pregnancy considered yin or yang? How would this be treated with diet?
Yang, so eat yin foods like fruits, veggies, cold drinks, juice, rice water
What are some examples of yang food?
Chicken Meat Pigs feet Nuts Fried food Coffee Spices
What is the traditional Chinese diet low/high in?
Low in fat and dairy
High in complex carbs and sodium
How do Asian diets change as people acculturate?
It becomes higher in fat, protein, sugar, and cholesterol
Is obesity prevalence high or low among Asian Americans?
Low (11.6%)
How do diabetes rates compare between Asian Americans and caucasians?
The same rate of incidence
What is the leading cause of death among Asian Americans?
Cancer
What are the statistics about how many Russians are in Minnesota?
Largest Russian community in the Midwest
How are Russian families usually structured?
The strongest personality is usually the head of the family
What are some characteristics of the typical Russian diet?
High in fat, carbohydrates, and sodium
What are typical religions in Russian culture?
Judaism
Eastern Orthodox Christianity
What are some main medical conditions for Russians?
Diabetes Hypertension Coronary disease GI issues Mental illness Alcohol/substance abuse
What are some Russian beliefs about disability and illness?
Believe it is caused by something the person did not do right
What do Russians believe about bad health news?
That it shouldn’t be given to a person who is ill or disabled, because they dont want them to get anxious or have their condition worsen
Where are the Hmong people from originally?
Mountains of south china
What are key foods in the Hmong diet?
Rice Noodles Fish Meat Green vegetables Hot chili sauces
What does the shaman do in hmong culture?
Make decisions related to spiritual healing
Conducts religious ceremonies
What are the most common medical conditions among the Hmong?
COPD
Diabetes
Congestive heart failure
Hypertension
avoid direct eye contact with older hmong
It is considered rude
How much fruit and dairy do Hmong usually consume?
Very little, compared to other ethnic groups
What is normal for water intake in Asian cultures?
Typically only drink warm/hot water
What must a sick person eat in Hmong culture?
Hot foods with certain vegetables
Adoption of a western diet has led to a dramatic increase in what among Hmong people?
Diabetes
True/false: Minnesota has the largest Ethiopian refugee population in the world
True
What are some social rules to follow when interacting with those of Ethiopian heritage?
Speak softly and politely and match the genders of interpreter and patient
What are the major religions among Ethiopian people?
Half are Muslim, half are Christian
What are some areas of concern for medical care of Ethiopians in Minnesota?
Long term effects of malnutrition
Trauma from war
Infection diseases (including STIs)
What does the term “Hispanic” refer to?
Language, not place of origin
What are dietary trends of Hispanic people in Minnesota?
Lots of flour tortillas, white rice, and processed foods
What is the main medical concern among Hispanic people in Minnesota?
Diabetes (twice as prevalent as in white population)
What should a nurse remember when interacting with Hispanic patients and families?
Establish a relationship with the family before care begins
Acknowledge male family members who are present
What are the stats about Somalis in Minnesota?
Largest population in the US
What are the main foods in Somali culture?
Rice, bananas, meat (sheep, goats, cattle)
Very little fresh fruits or veggies
What religious group do most Somalis belong to?
Sunni Muslims
What are medical concerns among recent Somali immigrants to US?
Malnutrition
Iron deficient anemia
Vitamin A deficiency
Scurvy
How are Somali families structured?
Families normally live in multi-generational households
Father is decision maker and wage earner
Men can have as many as four wives and men must support their children
What is Ramadan?
Most important Muslim holiday
A month long
People dont eat, drink, or take medications during daylight hours
Who is exempt from Ramadan practices?
Pregnant women
Very ill
Young children
What languages do Cambodians speak?
Khmer, Chinese, Vietnamese, French
What religion do most Cambodians practice?
Buddhism, particularly Theravada buddhism
What do Cambodians believe about pain?
Must be endured stoically
Who can act as spokesperson in a Cambodian family?
Father, eldest son, or eldest daughter
What medical procedures may Cambodians fear? Why?
Surgery and giving blood, due to belief that these things result in heat loss
What are two functions of food labels?
Help consumers select the healthiest foods
Motivate food companies to enhance the nutritional values of foods
Which food products are NOT required to have nutrition labels?
Fish Fresh Meat Poultry Milk Eggs Produce
Which nutrients are now also required to be listed on food labels?
Added sugars
Vitamin D
Potassium
What else has recently been changed on food labels?
Calories and serving size now large and bolded
Portion size changed to the amount most usually consumed
Why was “added sugars” added to the nutrition label?
Because less than 10% of daily calories should come from added sugars
What can help lessen the effects of too much sodium?
Increased potassium
Why are percent daily values useful?
It allows people to make comparisons
It also shows people how much they are eating of a certain nutrient
How can one use percent daily value to balance nutritional intake?
You can combine foods that are low in %DV with foods high in %DV of something to ensure that you get enough of that nutrient
What must be similar to compare nutrition labels?
Similar foods with the same serving size
What are some food descriptor terms that must now have uniform descriptions?
Lean Extra lean “Free” (like fat free) “Low” Reduced Light
How do uniform food descriptors help consumers?
It helps people who are trying to limit intake of certain nutrients
What must a food product contain to be labeled as “100% whole grain”?
All grain ingredients must be whole grain
Each serving must have at least 16 grams of whole grain
What must a product have to use the basic whole grain stamp?
At least 8 grams of whole grain
What makes an animal derived food organic?
No antibiotics or growth hormone used on the animal
What requirements must produce meet to be labeled organic?
No pesticides, synthetic fertilizer, bioengineering, or radiation used
What is the difference between natural and organic foods?
Organic foods must meet very specific standards, while natural foods don’t have uniform standards. Natural foods are usually less processed and more wholesome, but do not have to address how the food was grown/raised
What must a food product have to be labeled 100% organic?
All ingredients must meet or exceed USDA standards
What must a product be to be labeled organic?
At least 95% of ingredients must meet or exceed USDA standards
The ability to interact with people in an acceptable manner and sustain relationships with family members, friends, and colleagues is defined as…
Social health
People with adequate income generally eat more..
Protein and fats
Protein energy malnutrition is also known as…
Starvation
What is one standard of practice for Muslims regarding protein?
No pigs
What are some standards of practice for Judaism regarding protein?
No pigs
Only some birds
Fish with scales
Chronic hunger is also defined as…
Continual undernutrition
What is positive nutrition behavior? Give an example
Linking of two behaviors, such as always eating a piece fruit with a sandwich
What are two goals of healthy people 2020?
Increase quality and years of healthy life
Eliminate health disparities
What are some disease burdens common in lower income areas?
Obesity Diabetes Asthma Cancer Heart disease Stroke
What are some things a nurse can teach patients in lower income areas regarding nutrition?
Buy seasonal foods Avoid prepared convenience food (more expensive) Substitute beans for meat Establish family meal times Cook and freeze healthy meals
What are some functions of the Minnesota department of health?
Provide information and services, such as WIC, food stamps, elderly meal care/options, community clinics, etc
What are some functions of the National Institute of Health?
Rules and regulations
Research grants
Recommendations for social welfare issues
What are some functions of the Center for Medical Services?
Medicare and Medicaid
Investigating abuses of resources or services
What are some functions of the Department of Human Services?
Rules and regulations to help with human services, like refugee settlement, housing, and food
When was public health developed as a discipline, and where?
Mid 19th century in Europe and the US
What are some legal and economic risk factors that contribute to health disparities?
Dietary changes and culture Lack of activity Transportation issues Smoking Stress Chronic disease Obesity Urbanization SES Lack of food or shelter
What are some reasons for the high prevalence of smoking among those of lower SES?
Stress Readily available Coping mechanism Social pressure Meal replacement Family norms
True or false: self concept increases with socioeconomic status
True
What kind of response is a food allergy?
An immune response
What is the pathophysiology of food allergies?
The immune system overreacts to a particular protein in that food
Most food allergies are diagnosed when?
Early childhood
What are the eight most common food allergens?
Eggs Milk Peanuts Tree nuts Wheat Soy Fish Shellfish
What is the difference between allergies and intolerances?
Allergies trigger immune responses and can be life threatening, while intolerances do not trigger immune responses and more often just have GI symptoms
What is cross reactivity?
Immune system thinking one protein is closely related to an allergy-causing protein
What is an example of cross-reactivity?
People with ragweed allergies also reacting to bananas and melons
What are three methods for diagnosing allergies?
Medical history
Allergy skin tests
Food challenges
What is oral allergy syndrome?
Cross reactivity involving foods
What does FPIES stand for?
Food Protein-Induced Enterocolitis Syndrome
Which foods most often trigger FPIES?
Milk,soy, grain
What is eosinophilic esophagitis?
Allergic condition causing esophageal inflammation
In the body, what happens when an allergen is ingested?
Immunoglobin E is released, attaching to body cells. At the next encounter of the allergen (and all subsequent encounters) histamine is released
What does cooking do for intolerance of milk and eggs?
More than half of those with this intolerance can have milk and eggs if thoroughly heated/baked
Some people with pollen allergies also have reactions to…
Some fruits and vegetables, usually just in raw form
What are some questions a nurse would ask in allergy diagnosis process?
Food eaten
Frequency, severity, nature of symptoms
Time between eating and reaction
What are the issues with IgE blood testing for allergies?
It can cause false diagnoses and is unproven currently
How severe are the risks to airborne food allergens?
Not too severe, usually doesnt cause anaphylaxis
ALWAYS if an epi-pen is used…
Call 911, go to hospital, follow up with allergist
What is the relationship between vitamin D levels and food allergies?
Vitamin D deficiency has increased with allergy rates
What is the role of vitamin D in good health?
Maintaining healthy bones
Maintaining good immune function
What influence do geography and birth month have on childhood food allergies?
Children born farther from the equator and in the fall/winter have much higher rates of allergies, anaphylaxis (up to six times the risk)
What is the link between age of introducing eggs into a child’s diet and allergy rates?
If eggs are introduced to a child’s diet after 6 months of age, they are more likely to be allergic
Infants with low vitamin D levels are more likely to have…
Allergies to eggs or peanuts
Multiple allergies
Can vitamin D reverse food allergies?
No, but more research is needed
Can vitamin D protect against food allergies?
Potentially yes
Why should a pregnant woman be advised to consume adequate amounts of vitamin D?
Because an infant’s vitamin D stores in the first year of life depend on the mother’s stores before birth
How severe is oral allergy syndrome considered to be?
Fairly mild, rarely causes severe throat swelling
In OAS, those with birch tree allergy often react to…
Apples and celery
Why do those with birch allergies often react to some fruits and veggies?
There are similar proteins in some fruits and vegetables and birch tree pollen
What are the most common symptoms of OAS?
Itchiness
Swelling of mouth/face/lips/tongue/throat
When do OAS symptoms usually appear?
Immediately after consuming food
People with OAS typically respond more strongly to fruits or veggies in what form?
Raw
What foods are usually associated with birch tree pollen allergies?
Pitted fruits Carrots Peanuts Almonds Apples Celery
What foods are usually associated with grass allergies?
Peaches Celery Tomatoes Melon Oranges
What foods are usually associated with ragweed allergies?
Bananas
Cucumbers
Melons
Zucchini
What suggestions would a nurse provide to people with OAS?
Don’t eat those foods raw, especially in allergy season
Bake/heat the foods to break down allergy protein
Eat canned version of that food
Peel the food: protein usually found in the skin of the fruit or veggie
In childhood, how much of dietary intake should consist of dietary fat?
30%
How many exposures does it take for a child to accept a new food into their diet?
Sometimes 8-10 exposures
What are the two types of eligibility to receive free or reduced price school lunches?
Categorical (receiving some form of assistance)
Income based
What are the functions of water in the body?
Structural component of cells
Solvent to transport nutrients and eliminate waste
What is the AHA recommendation for daily sodium intake?
Less than 2300 mg daily
What are the most common causes of sodium deficiency?
Dehydration or excessive diarrhea
What are some good sources of potassium?
Bananas Oranges Meat Dairy products Green leafy vegetables Legumes
What are some common causes of potassium deficiency?
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Diuretics
Misuse of laxatives
Over what period of time are I&O’s recorded?
24 hour time period
What fluids should be included in I&Os?
All fluids, including:
Paraenteral fluids
Fluid gained through food and drink
Fluid lost as: Vomit Diarrhea/stool Urine Sweat Insensible Blood Wound drainage
What amount of difference between intake and output is cause for concern?
A difference greater than 200 mL over a 24 hour time period
What are some causes of fluid loss and dehydration?
Heavy exercise and sweating Limited fluid intake Severe vomiting and diarrhea Severe burns Anorexia/bulimia Some medications Hormone imbalances
What are some things that can cause electrolyte imbalance?
Anything that causes fluid loss, plus
kidney damage/failure
Cancer
What are some dietary guidelines for a patient with acute glomerulonephritis?
Maximize nutritional intake
Fluid/salt/protein are not restricted unless necessary d/t symptoms
What are some other causes of renal failure?
Nephrotoxic drugs
Septicemia
Streptococcal infection
What are the three stages of acute renal failure?
Oliguria
Diuretic
Recovery
How long does the oliguria stage last and what are the dietary guidelines?
Lasts between 7 to 21 days and requires fluid restriction
How long does the diuresis phase of AKI last and what are the dietary guidelines?
Lasts between 7 and 14 days and requires lots of fluid replacement (to make up for fluid lost in excessive urination)
What are the food guidelines in acute kidney injury?
Protein restricted (0.6 to 0.8g/kg/day)
How long does AKI recovery last and what are some dietary guidelines?
Takes 3 to 12 months and requires restricted protein, potassium, phosphate, sodium, and fluid
What are two things to monitor for a patient on diuretic pills?
Monitor for falls (can cause BP decrease)
Monitor potassium levels (can cause potassium depletion)
What are clinical findings of diabetes insipidus?
Dilute urine
Increased serum sodium and plasma osmolality
Signs of dehydration
Why should someone with diabetes insipidus avoid alcohol?
Because it suppresses ADH production, which is needed for fluid retention
Define fluid volume deficit
Decrease in water and sodium from ECF in similar proportions
Define fluid volume excess
Body retains water and sodium in similar proportions (increased blood volume)
What kind of patients will be placed on calorie restricted diets?
Those needing weight loss
What is a regular/balanced diet and what modifications might be made to it?
A diet that would sustain/nourish a normal and healthy person
It could be modified in the hospital to be slightly calorie reduced or with lower fat
What conditions might require a liquid diet?
Heart attack recovery Infection and recovery Digestive problems Malnutrition or someone who has not taken anything by mouth in a long time Pre and post operation Fever/vomiting/diarrhea
What is included in a full liquid diet?
All clear/non-clear liquids and Anything that is liquid at room temperature
What conditions might require a mechanical soft diet?
Chewing difficulties from jaw issues, missing teeth, or extreme fatigue
What foods would be included in mechanical soft diets?
Liquids Soft veggies and fruits Ground/shredded meat Eggs Soft cheese and soft breads
What is included in a puréed diet?
Can include any food, but all will be blended to allow for little or no chewing
What conditions might require a puréed diet?
Ulcers of mouth or gums Oral surgery Dysphasia Stroke Numbness of mouth or throat
What is eliminated from a low cholesterol diet?
Creams, fats, rich foods, fried foods, whole milk, chocolate
What conditions might require a low cholesterol diet?
Gallbladder/liver disease
Obesity
Heart disease
What foods should be eliminated from low sodium diets?
Processed foods Canned foods Processed cheeses Smoked/pickled foods Olives
Who might be put on a high protein diet?
Kids and teens
Pregnant and lactating women
Those recovering from surgery
Recovering from burns, fevers, and infections
What patients might be placed on a bland diet?
Those with stomach/intestinal ulcers and digestive diseases
What is a low residual diet?
A diet low in fiber
What foods would be considered low residual?
Refined white breads and crackers Cooked cereals Cold cereals White rice Noodles Refined pasta Peeled vegetables Well cooked vegetables and veggies without seeds
What might require a patient to adopt a low residual diet?
Narrowing of the bowel
Bowel surgery
Treatment that irritates the digestive tract
avoid seeds in a low residual diet
also cook all veggies
What are some fluid and electrolyte considerations for infants?
They dehydrate easier, due to…
Immature kidneys that cannot retain water
Higher proportion of water to body weight
Reliance on others to feed them
More rapid respirations
What are some fluid and electrolyte considerations for the elderly?
Multiple medications that can dehydrate
Decreased kidney ability to respond to ADH and conserve water
Decreased renal blood flow
Decreased thirst
How much body water needs to be lost to affect thinking and physical performance?
Only 1-2%
How much digestive fluid is secreted by the GI tract every day?
Approximately 8000 mL, but pretty much all is reabsorbed
