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Krystan: Semester One Nursing School > Nursing 2750 Nutrition: Exam Three > Flashcards

Nursing 2750 Nutrition: Exam Three Flashcards

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1
Q

What would the nurse recommend to a patient who needs lifestyle changes regarding fat intake?

A

Nutrition (Mediterranean diet is the best)
Weight reduction
Physical activity
doesn’t all have to happen at once

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2
Q

In general terms, which hormone is ghrelin?

A

The hunger hormone

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3
Q

What would a nurse instruct/inform patients regarding margarine?

A

Has no cholesterol if made from vegetable oils but has as many calories as butter still, and may or may not contain unsaturated fatty acids

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4
Q

What are some populations especially targeted by health fraud?

A 
Older adults
Those with chronic pain
HIV/AIDS patients
Overweight people
Cancer patients
Adolescents
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5
Q

What are some personality traits classic to anorexia?

A

Perfectionism
Overly dependent
Sensitive to criticism
Social insecurity

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6
Q

How does mindfulness-based eating awareness training (MB-EAT) work?

A

The patients learn to control responses to emotional states, make conscious food choices, recognize hunger and satiety cues, and cultivate self-acceptance

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7
Q

What influence does ghrelin have on body composition?

A

It increases appetite and food intake, and adapts to weight loss by making body gain weight

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8
Q

What are some common sources of sodium?

A 
Seasonings
Processed foods
Some natural foods
Pickled/preserved/canned foods
Table salt
MSG
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9
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?

A 
Cool/clammy/pale skin
Confusion
Erratic behavior 
Hunger
Trembling and shaking
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10
Q

What is bulimia nerviosa?

A

Food addiction that leads to binge eating, which leads to purging or compensatory behavior, such as fasting or exercise

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11
Q

What are some side effects of Migitol?

A

Gas and diarrhea

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12
Q

Who is responsible for ensuring that health products are safe and not misleading?

A

The manufacturer

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13
Q

What are some dietary sources of monounsaturated fatty acids?

A

Olive oil
Peanuts
Canola oil

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14
Q

What is the role of the parent in guiding teens pertaining to nutrition?

A

Maintaining a household where meals and snacks are available

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15
Q

Linolenic acid is also known as…

A

Omega 3 fatty acid

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16
Q

What are some factors that override good food choices for teens?

A

Lack of time
Scheduling demands
Peer pressure
Lack of meals to eat that are easily eaten and repeatable

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17
Q

What is the role of estrogen during pregnancy?

A

Promotes growth of uterus and breasts and makes connective tissue in the pelvis more flexible

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18
Q

What can be some nutritional impacts of even mild substance abuse in the teen years?

A

Compromised nutritional status

Decreased iron and zinc absorption

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19
Q

What happens to the kidneys during pregnancy?

A

The GFR increases, which allows some glucose, amino acids, and vitamins in the urine

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20
Q

What are some key nutrients that may be lacking if fast food is the main food consumed?

A

Vitamins A and C

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21
Q

Why is there an increased protein need during pregnancy?

A

To help build and maintain new tissues

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22
Q

Why are protein requirements higher during the first four months of life?

A

Growth is the most rapid in this time

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23
Q

What does migitol do?

A

Delay absorption of glucose from the GI tract

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24
Q

Why should fat intake not be restricted in infants?

A

Because fatty acids are essential for proper brain and nervous system development

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25
Q

What is one community nutrition support for adolescents?

A

Comprehensive school health program

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26
Q

What are some consequences to infants born to women with poor PKU control at the time of conception?

A 
Spontaneous abortion
Microencephaly
Retardation
Heart defects
Growth retardation
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27
Q

What is the connection between the meals a teen grows up eating and fast food consumption?

A

If they grow up eating healthy/balanced meals, they will be more likely to prefer those foods even over the fast food that is so common among teens

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28
Q

How do serotonin levels contribute to disordered eating?

A

Serotonin levels help modulate feeling, mood, and impulse control

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29
Q

How is preeclampsia defined?

A

Hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation

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30
Q

What is the RDA for folate for all women of childbearing age?

A

400 micrograms daily

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31
Q

What is recommended juice intake for infants 6-12 months of age?

A

No more than 4-6 ounces

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32
Q

What is the risk of fraudulent nutrition/supplement claims for those with HIV or AIDS?

A

Those drugs are often toxic
Proper treatment is delayed
Supplements often interfere negatively with HIV meds

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33
Q

Even if no other changes are made, does physical activity help reduce the effects on blood pressure of a high sodium diet?

A

Yes, exercise helps reduce risks even if diet doesnt change

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34
Q

What blood glucose level is considered hypoglycemia?

A

Less than 70 mg/dL

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35
Q

How specifically does maternal metabolism change to accommodate the fetus?

A

The mother’s body metabolizes more fat to leave glucose for the fetus to metabolize (fetus prefers glucose)

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36
Q

What does hydrogenation do to some oils?

A

Turns them from cis fatty acids to trans fatty acids

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37
Q

What is the daily amount of fluid needed by a breastfeeding woman?

A

One quart

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38
Q

What are some credible website addresses?

A

.edu
.gov
.net

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39
Q

What are some nutrition-themed ways to reduce the risk of hormonal cancers?

A

Restrict intake of alcohol and smoked/BBQ/red meats

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40
Q

What does “multifactorial phenotype” mean in reference to fatness levels?

A

It means that the displayed phenotype (weight) is the product of many genetic/epigenetic/environmental factors

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41
Q

What is galactosemia?

A

An inability to tolerate any lactose. It’s an autosomal recessive enzyme deficiency

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42
Q

For fasting blood sugar, when should blood sugar be checked?

A

Before eating anything

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43
Q

What does metformin/glucophage do?

A

Decreases hepatic glucose absorption and improves insulin sensitivity

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44
Q

What is the function of phospholipids in the body?

A

Forming cell membrane structures

Working as emulsifiers (keep fat dispersed in body fluids)

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45
Q

Do vitamin D supplements reduce cancer incidence?

A

No, according to new studies

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46
Q

Where does most of the sodium consumed in the US come from?

A

Flavoring agents
Preservatives
Dough conditioners (baking soda and baking powder)

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47
Q

Do sea salt and table salt have equal amounts of sodium?

A

Yes

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48
Q

What is the risk for those with chronic pain using ineffective or unproven remedies?

A

They may go into remission while using it and think the supplement brought it about, preventing them from seeking proper and timely diagnosis and treatment. The remedies themselves may also be harmful

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49
Q

What kind of data should the health care team monitor in the diabetic patient?

A

Signs/symptoms of high or low blood glucose
Weight management
Adherence to diabetic diet
A1C monitoring

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50
Q

When can solid foods be introduced to an infants diet?

A

Between 4 and 6 months of age

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51
Q

For maximum BP results, what should the DASH diet be combined with?

A

Sodium restriction

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52
Q

What other factors, besides genetics, affect fatness/thinness?

A 
Nutrition
Psychological factors
Economic factors
Social factors
Stress
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53
Q

What are the tropical oils and what instruction would one give patients about their consumption?

A

Palm and coconut oil

They are the only plant source of naturally saturated fats, and should only be consumed occasionally

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54
Q

What is the most common way to add iron to an infants diet?

A

Iron fortified cereals and formulas

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55
Q

What aid the role of trans fats in the risk of coronary artery disease?

A

It raises LDL levels, allowing more cholesterol to be deposited in the body, which may contribute to arterial plaque formation

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56
Q

Is food fat or food cholesterol more responsible for raising blood cholesterol?

A

Food fat

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57
Q

What are signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?

A 
Dehydration
Dry, flushed skin and mucous membranes
Fruity breath
Weakness
Nausea
Polydipsia 
Polyphagia 
Polyuria 
Vomiting
Weight loss
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58
Q

What are the risks of introducing solid food earlier than four months?

A

Excessive calorie intake
Allergies
GI issues

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59
Q

What are some dietary challenges faced by the older teen?

A

Dining hall meals at college
More flexible meal times
Trying to meet special dietary needs in college

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60
Q

What are the peak ages of anorexia onset?

A

Between 12 and 25

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61
Q

What products does the AHA not certify?

A

Desserts

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62
Q

What are the recommended/upper limit amounts of vitamin D for pregnant women?

A

5-50 micrograms/day

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63
Q

What is the association between vitamin D and preeclampsia?

A

Low vitamin D may be an associative factor of preeclampsia

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64
Q

What are the increased nutrition needs for preterm infants?

A 
Protein
Calories
Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Iron
Zinc
Vitamin E
Fluids
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65
Q

How long can formula be at room temperature before discarding?

A

Two hours

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66
Q

What happens to plasma volume during pregnancy?

A

It doubles

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67
Q

What role does omega 3 play in reducing the risk of coronary artery disease?

A

It reduces the blood clotting process, reducing the risk of blood clotting in arteries (and therefore heart attack)

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68
Q

What are some societal changes that directly impact teen nutrition?

A 
More families with both parents working
Increased fast food consumption
Increased computer use/sedentary activities
More eating food away from home
Limited school physical education
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69
Q

What are the upper limit amounts of vitamin A?

A

2800-3000 micrograms/day

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70
Q

What are the increased nutrition needs for an HIV infected pregnant woman who has an opportunistic infection?

A

Calories
Protein
Vitamins
Minerals

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71
Q

What does the AHA limit snack certification to?

A

Unsweetened popcorn

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72
Q

What are some red flags for fraudulent cancer treatment claims?

A

That it treats all forms of cancer
Causes tumor shrinkage
Makes skin cancer disappear
Non-toxic

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73
Q

What are three things a patient with type 2 diabetes can do to maintain glycemic control?

A

Proper diet
Exercise
Using medication as prescribed

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74
Q

What are the consequences of not gaining enough weight during the second trimester?

A

Poor infant birth weights

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75
Q

What does the manufacturer NOT have to do in terms of health products?

A

Prove they work before marketing them or prove that they contain what they say they do

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76
Q

What role do susceptibility genes play in fatness?

A

They affect a person’s susceptibility to other genetic and environmental factors that might influence weight

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77
Q

How many extra calories per day are needed during the third trimester of pregnancy?

A

452 calories

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78
Q

What are three requisites for accurate nutrition information?

A

Science based
Peer reviewed
Replicable

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79
Q

What are some possible consequences of alcohol consumption during pregnancy?

A

Fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (CNS defects and anatomical defects)

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80
Q

Which body shape is more common for women?

A

Gynoid

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81
Q

What are fats in foods sometimes hydrogenated?

A

It makes the fat solid and more stable, which prevents them from going rancid

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82
Q

Which cholesterol level do we WANT to be high?

A

HDL

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83
Q

Name and describe the three types of nutritional claims that the US government works to regulate

A

Health claims: ability of a food to reduce risk of a disease
Nutrient content claim: “good source of (nutrient)”
Structure/function claim: what the food does for an organ or organ system (heart healthy, etc)

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84
Q

How are infant growth gains tracked?

A

On an infant growth chart

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85
Q

What are the functions of HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in the body?

A

LDL carries fat through the body to body cells, and HDL removes excess and used cholesterol from the body

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86
Q

Linoleic acid is also known as…

A

Omega 6 fatty acid

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87
Q

What are some reasons of why cows milk should not be given to infants before one year of age?

A

Cows milk moves though the intestines faster, meaning more fat is lost instead of absorbed
It is less digestible than breast milk fat and has less iron and other essential nutrients
It increases the risk for later milk allergies, hypercalcemia, tetany, and seizures

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88
Q

What are the two main types of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

A

Linoleic acid

Linolenic acid

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89
Q

How many calories per day should a breastfeeding woman consume?

A

300-400 more than her pre-pregnancy intake

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90
Q

What is the treatment for PKU?

A

Close monitoring
Special formulas
Special diets

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91
Q

Why is some cholesterol needed by the body?

A

It is a vital part of cell membranes, nerve tissues, and hormones

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92
Q

What are some consequences of poor weight gain during pregnancy?

A

Growth retardation in infant
Prolonged hospitalization after birth
Illness and death in the first year

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93
Q

Why are some nutritional claims protected whether they are scientifically correct or not?

A

Right to free speech

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94
Q

What are the main functions of sodium?

A

Regulation of blood pressure and volume
Transmission of nerve impulses
Regulation of body fluids between ECF and ICF

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95
Q

What three pathogens are high risk for pregnant women (foodborne illnesses)?

A

Listeria monocytogenes
Salmonella
Toxoplasma gondii

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96
Q

What foods contain saturated fatty acids?

A

Meat
Butter
Shortening
Vegetable oils

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97
Q

What is the RDA for protein during pregnancy?

A

71 grams per day

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98
Q

Caveat emptor

A

“Let the buyer beware”

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99
Q

Which body shape is more common for men?

A

Android

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100
Q

Recommended weight gain for woman who was overweight pre-pregnancy?

A

15-25 pounds

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101
Q

How must patients with anorexia think of food?

A

As medicine their body needs (not necessarily as something pleasurable)

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102
Q

How much protein is recommended daily for teen girls?

A

45 grams

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103
Q

Why should a lactating woman not consume alcohol?

A

Because alcohol passes into the milk, and also inhibits oxytocin

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104
Q

Why is breast milk called the “perfect” food?

A

It’s a perfect composition of necessary nutrients and doesnt have to be purchased or cooked

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105
Q

What are the benefits of teaching nutrition in the school setting?

A

It gives students a rationale for eating healthy (like increased sports performance)

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106
Q

What are misdirected health claims?

A

Misguided statements to make consumers think something is healthier than it is

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107
Q

When cows milk is introduced into the diet, what kind does it need to be? Why?

A

Whole milk, because infants need the high fat content of whole milk

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108
Q

What are the main reasons for the rise of type 2 diabetes in children?

A

Lack of exercise

Obesity

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109
Q

Why may some infants need a vitamin D supplement?

A

They may not get enough sunlight exposure for adequate vitamin D synthesis

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110
Q

What is the role of sterols in the body?

A

Provides materials to make bile, synthesize vitamin D, and make sex hormones and cells in the brain and nervous tissue

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111
Q

What is the major plant source of saturated fatty acids?

A

Palm and coconut oil and cocoa butter

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112
Q

What influence does leptin have on body composition?

A

It inhibits food intake and regulates long-term appetite

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113
Q

What is the MOST EFFECTIVE means for lowering blood pressure?

A

Weight loss

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114
Q

What dietary factors need to be assessed in a pregnant adolescent?

A

Poor dietary habits
Worries about weight gain
Eating more meals away from home

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115
Q

What have research findings discovered about genetics and certain components of the energy balance equation?

A

There are genetic influences on the ability to use fat for energy, on taste preferences, and on the ability to achieve high level conditioning (all drastically impacts ability to gain or lose weight

116
Q

What are the characteristics of the gynoid body shape?

A

Shaped like a pear, biggest in the hips, butt, and thighs

117
Q

What do the chemicals produced by foam cells do?

A

Damage arterial walls and cause changes that produce plaque

118
Q

What location and type of fat have the biggest detrimental impact on health?

A

Visceral fat in the abdomen is more dangerous than any other type (such as subcutaneous abdominal fat or fat in other areas)

119
Q

What websites need to be reviewed with caution?

A

.com websites

120
Q

What is the shortcoming of family studies?

A

You cannot separate genetic and environmental effects

121
Q

What are some top contributing factors to type 2 diabetes?

A 
Obesity
Socioeconomic status
Homelessness
Pregnancy 
Poor nutrition
122
Q

What is the daily recommended intake of sodium?

A

Less than 2300 mg/day

123
Q

Chronic dieting may predispose people to what conditions?

A

Binge eating disorder
Alcoholism
Drug abuse

124
Q

What can fluoride in drinking water cause in infants younger than 6 months of age?

A

Fluorosis (hypermineralization of the tooth enamel)

125
Q

What is the RDA for iron during pregnancy?

A

27 mg/day

126
Q

Recommended weight gain for woman who was obese pre-pregnancy?

A

11-20 pounds

127
Q

What affects needed nutrients and recommended calorie/protein levels for teens?

A

Level of physical activity

128
Q

What is anorexia nerviosa?

A

Eating disorder in which the patient severely rejects food

129
Q

How much calcium is recommended daily for teens?

A

1300 mg

130
Q

Define health fraud

A

Misrepresentation of health claims

131
Q

What are some other lifestyle modifications that can reduce blood pressure?

A 
Decreasing alcohol consumption
Stopping smoking
Increased exercise
Decreased sodium intake
Increased potassium/magnesium/calcium intake
DASH diet
Drinking more water
132
Q

How often should a patient with T2DM get an A1C test?

A

Every year

133
Q

When might the body need to use body fat as energy?

A

Illness
Food restriction
Pregnancy

134
Q

What are some risks of gestational diabetes?

A

Fetal abnormalities and mortalities
Large for gestational age infants
Hypoglycemia upon infant birth
Higher risk of diabetes later in life for the mother

135
Q

What two factors increase iron absorption?

A

Vitamin C

Taking it on an empty stomach

136
Q

How many extra calories are needed per day during the first semester?

A

None, if the woman is of average or overweight

137
Q

What is the RDA for folate during pregnancy?

A

600 micrograms/day

138
Q

What are the characteristics of the android body shape?

A

Shaped like an apple, biggest around the waist

139
Q

What are the three classifications of lipids?

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Sterols

140
Q

Under what conditions can a pregnant woman eat hot dogs or deli meat?

A

If its been heated to 165 degrees

141
Q

What is the main monounsaturated fat found in foods?

A

Oleic acids

142
Q

What happens to the BMR during pregnancy?

A

It increases by 15-20%

143
Q

What are some treatment plans for anorexia?

A

Early detection

Emotional acceptance behavior therapy

144
Q

Where can cholesterol be found?

A

Only in animal sources. No plant foods contain cholesterol

145
Q

BMI values among first degree relatives are..

A

Usually similar. There is an increased obesity risk in those with first degree relatives that are obese

146
Q

What percentage of women develop GDM?

A

5-10 percent

147
Q

What does the AHA restrict beverage certification to?

A

Milk
Drinkable yogurt
Fruit/vegetable juices

148
Q

What is colostrum and what value does it have for newborns?

A

Fluid secreted from the breasts in late pregnancy and the first few days postpartum. It Contains maternal antibodies and essential nutrients

149
Q

How does culture and ethnicity impact successful breastfeeding?

A

Successful breastfeeding is more likely if it is normal and supported in the mother’s ethnic community

150
Q

Pertaining to meals, when should blood sugar be checked?

A

30 minutes before the meal

151
Q

What does increasing dietary potassium do to the body’s sodium levels?

A

Decreases it by increasing the amount of sodium passed in our urine

152
Q

What other factors besides nutrients does breast milk contain?

A

Antibodies and immunologic factors

153
Q

Soft cheeses are safe for pregnant women if…

A

Made with pasteurized milk

154
Q

What nutritional needs does a pregnant woman with preeclampsia have?

A

Well balanced diet high in protein with adequate vitamins and minerals

155
Q

What is non-organic failure to thrive?

A

Lack of growth and development in the infant related to abuse, neglect, under feeding, or other psychosocial reasons

156
Q

What helps to make lipoproteins in the body?

A

Lecithin

157
Q

What are some problems in the food industry that aid in the promotion of fraudulent nutritional claims?

A

Limited regulation of dietary supplements
Uncredentialed/non-accredited nutritionists
Research going public before being peer reviewed

158
Q

During which trimester is adequate weight gain most important?

A

Second trimester

159
Q

What are some factors that influence body fat patterns and body shape?

A

Gender, age, developmental stage, ethnic group

160
Q

What are some roles of the teen in their own nutrition?

A

Making healthy choices

Participating in shopping for foods and meal planning if possible

161
Q

In the diabetic patient, what can be some causes of hypoglycemia?

A

Too much insulin
Skipping meals
Too much exercise

162
Q

Why do some non-diabetic women develop GDM?

A

Pregnancy hormones decrease insulin sensitivity, so the pancreas must secrete more to meet the body’s needs. Not everyone’s pancreas can do it, leading to GDM

163
Q

What percentage of daily fat intake should come from saturated fats?

A

10% or less

164
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Ph less than 7.15
Osmotic diuresis
Dehydration
Deep/rapid respirations

165
Q

What are some side effects of metformin/glucophage?

A

Weight loss
Nausea
Diarrhea
Possible reduced absorption of vitamin B12 and folic acid

166
Q

What is the risk of weight loss schemes?

A

May cause short term weight loss but lead to long term harm or nutritional deficits

167
Q

How much urine output is desired in the oliguric stage of AKI?

A

30 mL/hour

168
Q

What are the major food sources of linolenic/omega 3 fatty acid?

A 
Fish
Canola/walnut oil
Soybean oil
Wheat germ
Leafy green vegetables
169
Q

What are the main food sources of Linoleic/omega 6 fatty acid?

A

Fish (ex. Salmon, herring, trout)

170
Q

What are three reasons that chronic alcohol users might have a thiamine deficiency?

A

Decreased food intake
Decreased intestinal absorption
Additional need for thiamine for the liver to detoxify alcohol

171
Q

Define health fraud

A

Intentionally misleading diet claim in order to make a profit

172
Q

What are the best sources of phospholipids?

A

Red meat
Seafood
Eggs
Cooked green vegetables

173
Q

What are food sources of cholesterol?

A 
Meat
Eggs
Fish
Poultry
Dairy
174
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of anorexia nerviosa?

A 
Exhaustion
Extreme weight loss
Extreme pursuit of thinness
Misperceived body image
Limited eating
Binge eating and purging
175
Q

What are some possible consequences of high levels of phenylalanine?

A

CNS damage and mental retardation

176
Q

How long after introducing one solid food should a parent wait before introducing another? Why?

A

4-5 days, to monitor for allergic reactions

177
Q

What are some hydrogenated vegetable oils and where are they found?

A

Corn, soybean, and cottonseed oil

Often used in potato and corn chips

178
Q

What are the consequences/symptoms of thiamine deficiency?

A 
Muscle weakness
Loss of coordination
Pain
Anorexia
Weakening heart muscles
179
Q

When reviewing books and articles, what should be examined to determine credibility?

A

The author’s qualifications

180
Q

When does the change in plasma volume in pregnancy begin?

A

At the start of the second trimester

181
Q

Who determines the criteria for the heart-check mark on food packaging?

A

American heart association

182
Q

What is the adequate daily intake of sodium?

A

1500 mg/day

183
Q

Who controls claims of “natural” for meat and poultry?

A

Food safety and inspection service at the USDA

184
Q

What are the two hormones that regulate weight gain and loss?

A

Leptin and ghrelin

185
Q

Are breast fed or bottle fed babies more likely to be at risk for vitamin D deficiency?

A

Breast fed

Commercial formula is vitamin D supplemented

186
Q

Which hormone is primary responsible for milk synthesis?

A

Prolactin

187
Q

What are two main causes of acute renal failure?

A

Acute tubular necrosis

Nephrotoxicity

188
Q

What does the term “natural” indicate?

A

No artificial flavoring, coloring, or chemical preservative

189
Q

What percentage of calories from fat are supplied in breast milk and formula?

A

50%

190
Q

Why is hypertension called the silent killer?

A

Because it leads to many diseases with high mortality rates and many people do not know they have it

191
Q

Is there a single gene for fatness or thinness?

A

No

192
Q

What dietary supplements should be avoided when there is an increased risk for lung cancer?

A

Beta carotene and vitamin E

193
Q

What foods inhibit iron absorption?

A 
Milk
Eggs
Bran
Tea
Spinach and Swiss chard
194
Q

What has the highest death rate of all mental illnesses?

A

Anorexia nerviosa

195
Q

What is included in the energy balance equation?

A

BMR, thermic effects of food, and energy cost of light exercise

196
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of binge eating disorder?

A

Rapid and secretive eating

Feelings of shame

197
Q

What is the role of lipoproteins in the body?

A

They transport fat in the circulatory system

198
Q

How often should a newborn breastfeed after the first few weeks?

A

At least 10-12 times in a 24 hour period

199
Q

Why are men able to gain and lose weight more easily?

A

Because they usually have more visceral fat, which is more easily gained/lost

200
Q

What is the connection between vitamin D and gene expression?

A

Affects gene expression, and there are over 160 gene pathways linked to cancer

201
Q

How long can prepared (but not yet consumed) formula be stored?

A

48 hours

202
Q

What has the dominant influence on weight?

A

Genetics

203
Q

What is a potential consequence of too little vitamin D?

A

Rickets

204
Q

What is the importance of folate in pregnancy?

A

Prevention of neural tube defects like spina bífida and anencephaly

205
Q

What do foam cells do to the body?

A

They cluster under the lining of artery walls, forming bulges that cause fatty streaks, which is the beginning of plaque formation

206
Q

Why should pregnant women not exceed the UL amounts for vitamin A and D during pregnancy?

A

Exceeding it can cause birth defects

207
Q

What is the daily energy cost of milk production?

A

500-800 kcal/day

208
Q

What must the diabetic woman do during pregnancy to avoid complications?

A

Tight blood sugar control
Diet control
Moderate exercise

209
Q

What does DASH stand for?

A

Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension

210
Q

How much protein is recommended each day for teen boys?

A

45-59 grams

211
Q

On average, how much sodium does an American consume daily?

A

3300 mg

212
Q

Why does pregnancy put an extra strain on the immune system of a HIV positive women?

A

The hormones and proteins of pregnancy have an immunosuppressant effect

213
Q

What percentage of calorie intake should come from fat?

A

20-35%

214
Q

What type of diet is recommended to reduce the risk for breast and prostate cancers?

A

High in vegetables, fruit, and whole grains, with limited refined carbohydrates

215
Q

In a family with a history of allergies, how long should parents wait before introducing solid foods? Why?

A

6 months of age, to reduce the risk of foods crossing the intestinal barrier and causing an immune response. The gut will be more mature around 6 months of age

216
Q

In carb counting, how much is one serving of carbohydrates?

A

15 grams

217
Q

Is table salt a significant source of overall sodium in the diet?

A

No, it is usually a nearly negligible amount

218
Q

When those with bulimia are not binging, they are usually…

A

Dieting

219
Q

In general terms, which hormone is leptin?

A

The satiety hormone

220
Q

What has the FDA decided about trans fatty acids?

A

They are no longer safe for human consumption when formed through hydrogenation

221
Q

Explain how triglycerides function in the body and why it’s so easy to have high triglyceride levels

A

Any calories we don’t need immediately are stored as triglycerides, and then released to provide energy between meals. However, if they are not needed (uneven energy intake and output) they remain stored as fat

222
Q

What is binge eating disorder?

A

Eating large amounts of food in a short time span

223
Q

Which polyunsaturated fat do most Americans not get enough of?

A

Linolenic/omega 3 fatty acid

224
Q

What other things in the body are affected by diabetes?

A 
Nerves
Eyes
Kidneys
Heart
Wound healing
225
Q

What happens in diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

No glucose is available for energy, so the body breaks down fats and proteins for energy, leading to buildup of ketones in the blood (making it more acidic)

226
Q

What are the manifestations of galactosemia?

A

Diarrhea
Stunted growth
Mental retardation

227
Q

What is an essential fatty acid?

A

A polyunsaturated fat that cannot be made in the body and must be consumed in the diet

228
Q

How are foam cells formed?

A

They are formed when cholesterol carried in the LDL is attacked by oxygen and oxidized. Macrophages then consume the oxidized material, which consumes in the form of foam cells

229
Q

What percentage of pregnant women develop preeclampsia?

A

3-5%

230
Q

What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A

An inability to break down the amino acid phenylalanine

231
Q

How many extra calories are needed per day in the second trimester?

A

340 calories

232
Q

Why might a pregnant woman over the age of 35 have distinct nutritional needs?

A

Low folate levels due to oral contraceptives
Possible poor eating habits
Risk for gestational diabetes

233
Q

What is the role of essential fatty acids in the body?

A

Making compounds like prostaglandins that regulate BP, blood clotting, and gastric and muscle secretions. They also help nutrients absorb deep into the skin layers

234
Q

What is the daily recommended calorie intake for teen females?

A

2200 calories

235
Q

What is organic failure to thrive?

A

Lack of growth and development related to chronic or acute disorder in the infant

236
Q

What are the main oral hypoglycemic agents?

A

Migitol

Metformin/glucophage

237
Q

What can excessive protein during early infancy do?

A

Have a negative impact on the kidneys

238
Q

Why are fad diets especially dangerous in the teen years?

A

Because of high nutritional needs to support growth and development

239
Q

What are the consequences of excessive UVB radiation?

A

Damage to lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins in the body
Altered metabolic function
Free radical damage

240
Q

Why is there an increased need for iron during pregnancy?

A

Maternal RBC volume increases

Fetus stores iron in the liver

241
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins? Where are they found?

A

A, D, E, and K

They are primarily found in animal sources

242
Q

Why is it important to mix formula exactly as stated on the package?

A

Because not enough water will give it a high renal solute load, which is hard on the kidneys. Too little water will lead to undernutrition

243
Q

How will adequate energy intake be reflected in an infant?

A

Satisfactory gains in length and weight

244
Q

What should a diabetic patient do during periods of illness?

A

Check blood glucose frequently
Increase fluids
Monitor electrolytes

245
Q

What is the connection between waist circumference and chronic disease?

A

People with larger waist circumference (40” for men and 35” or more for women) have a higher risk for chronic diseases related to obesity

246
Q

What are some signs that indicate an infant is developmentally ready for solid foods?

A

Sit with support and support their own head
Shows interest in solid food
Able to roll tongue to the back of the mouth (aids in swallowing)

247
Q

How is galactosemia treated?

A

Exclusion of all milk products from the diet

248
Q

Why might an infant born before 34 weeks not be able to bottle or breast feed?

A

The suck/swallow reflex is not fully developed

249
Q

What is the AHA recommendation for sodium intake?

A

2/3 teaspoon

250
Q

What is the minimum energy intake for adequate lactation?

A

1800 kcal/day

251
Q

What is recommended sodium intake for someone in the oliguric stage of acute renal failure?

A

1000-2000 mg/day

252
Q

Why is adequate calcium important during pregnancy?

A

To aid in mineralization of fetal skeleton

253
Q

How do those with bulimia view their self worth?

A

Associated with being thin

254
Q

What is the relationship of food to those with bulimia?

A

Food is a coping mechanism

255
Q

List some red flags to remember when evaluating nutrition claims

A

Quick fix promises
Too good to be true
Simplistic conclusions to complex studies
Dramatic claims
Lists of good and bad foods
Support/testimonials only from non-scientists

256
Q

What is the the best known phospholipid?

A

Lecithin

257
Q

What are some common sources of listeria?

A

Lunch meat
Hot dogs
Cold cuts/deli meat

258
Q

What is done in terms of nutrition in substance abuse rehabilitation?

A

Nutrition assessment, intervention, and support

259
Q

Does exercise change the pattern of fat distribution?

A

No, it just changes the tone of the underlying muscle

260
Q

What is included in emotional acceptance behavior therapy?

A

Increasing emotional awareness
Decreasing emotional avoidance
Resuming valued activities and relationships

261
Q

How is anorexia incidence distributed between men and women?

A

Can happen for either, but more common in women (though percentage of men is rising)

262
Q

What are the overt symptoms of EFA deficiency?

A

Skin lesions and scaliness
Dermatitis
Dry skin
Edema

263
Q

What are the diagnostic criteria for bulimia?

A

Compensatory behavior two times a week for at least three months

264
Q

Why should pregnant women not be on a sodium restricted diet?

A

Restricting sodium will reduce plasma volume and cardiac output

265
Q

Which kind of fats raise blood cholesterol the fastest?

A

Saturated fats

266
Q

When evaluating information from a television program, what should the consumer look for?

A

Well-researched and repeatable findings

267
Q

What is recommended dairy product intake to help lower blood pressure in children and teens?

A

Two or more cups

268
Q

What are some causes of DKA?

A 
Insufficient/interrupted food patterns
Infection
Stress
Surgery 
Heart attack
269
Q

Describe fad foods and fad diets

A

Unusual diets and eating patterns to promote short term weight loss, but no thought is given to long term health

270
Q

How would the nurse counsel lactating women in regards to fluid?

A

Replace fluids lost through breast milk by drinking water or juice

271
Q

When are infants tested for PKU?

A

24 hours after eating for the first time and again 7-10 days later

272
Q

What is the main function of thiamine in the body?

A

Coenzyme in energy metabolism

Aids in nerve function

273
Q

What are the nutritional impacts of increased progesterone during pregnancy?

A

It relaxes smooth muscle, slowing the GI tract and increasing absorption of iron and calcium

274
Q

How does carbohydrate counting work?

A

The patient monitors how many carbohydrates are consumed in each meal and gives a correct corresponding insulin dose to counteract the effects of the carbs

275
Q

What do adoptive studies reveal about genetics and environment?

A

Genetics is usually a stronger influencer than environment

276
Q

What is recommended weight gain for a woman of normal pre-pregnancy weight?

A

25-35 pounds

277
Q

What are some signs that an infant is full?

A

Turning head away from food, closing mouth/grimacing when food approaches

278
Q

What is the cost of health fraud to consumers?

A

Money and good health

279
Q

Recommended weight gain for a woman who was underweight pre-pregnancy?

A

28-40 pounds

280
Q

What is the daily recommended calorie intake each day for teen males?

A

2500-3000 calories

281
Q

Why should one let tap water run for 15-30 seconds before using it for formula?

A

To reduce the risk of lead leaching into the water

282
Q

What are some effects of slower GI motility during pregnancy?

A

Constipation
Heartburn
Delayed gastric emptying

283
Q

What is the best known sterol?

A

Cholesterol

284
Q

Why is calcium needed so much in the teen years?

A

Skeletal growth and bone mineralization

285
Q

Why are newborns of women with pre-existing diabetes at risk for hypoglycemia?

A

Because they are used to large amounts of maternal glucose crossing the placenta, and those maternal stores are no longer available after birth

286
Q

What can happen in patients with AN without successful treatment?

A

Death (usually from cardiac arrhythmias)

Krystan: Semester One Nursing School (6 decks)

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