Nursing 2750 Nutrition: Exam Three Flashcards
1
Q
What would the nurse recommend to a patient who needs lifestyle changes regarding fat intake?
A
Nutrition (Mediterranean diet is the best)
Weight reduction
Physical activity
doesn’t all have to happen at once
2
Q
In general terms, which hormone is ghrelin?
A
The hunger hormone
3
Q
What would a nurse instruct/inform patients regarding margarine?
A
Has no cholesterol if made from vegetable oils but has as many calories as butter still, and may or may not contain unsaturated fatty acids
4
Q
What are some populations especially targeted by health fraud?
A
Older adults Those with chronic pain HIV/AIDS patients Overweight people Cancer patients Adolescents
5
Q
What are some personality traits classic to anorexia?
A
Perfectionism
Overly dependent
Sensitive to criticism
Social insecurity
6
Q
How does mindfulness-based eating awareness training (MB-EAT) work?
A
The patients learn to control responses to emotional states, make conscious food choices, recognize hunger and satiety cues, and cultivate self-acceptance
7
Q
What influence does ghrelin have on body composition?
A
It increases appetite and food intake, and adapts to weight loss by making body gain weight
8
Q
What are some common sources of sodium?
A
Seasonings Processed foods Some natural foods Pickled/preserved/canned foods Table salt MSG
9
Q
What are some signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia?
A
Cool/clammy/pale skin Confusion Erratic behavior Hunger Trembling and shaking
10
Q
What is bulimia nerviosa?
A
Food addiction that leads to binge eating, which leads to purging or compensatory behavior, such as fasting or exercise
11
Q
What are some side effects of Migitol?
A
Gas and diarrhea
12
Q
Who is responsible for ensuring that health products are safe and not misleading?
A
The manufacturer
13
Q
What are some dietary sources of monounsaturated fatty acids?
A
Olive oil
Peanuts
Canola oil
14
Q
What is the role of the parent in guiding teens pertaining to nutrition?
A
Maintaining a household where meals and snacks are available
15
Q
Linolenic acid is also known as…
A
Omega 3 fatty acid
16
Q
What are some factors that override good food choices for teens?
A
Lack of time
Scheduling demands
Peer pressure
Lack of meals to eat that are easily eaten and repeatable
17
Q
What is the role of estrogen during pregnancy?
A
Promotes growth of uterus and breasts and makes connective tissue in the pelvis more flexible
18
Q
What can be some nutritional impacts of even mild substance abuse in the teen years?
A
Compromised nutritional status
Decreased iron and zinc absorption
19
Q
What happens to the kidneys during pregnancy?
A
The GFR increases, which allows some glucose, amino acids, and vitamins in the urine
20
Q
What are some key nutrients that may be lacking if fast food is the main food consumed?
A
Vitamins A and C
21
Q
Why is there an increased protein need during pregnancy?
A
To help build and maintain new tissues
22
Q
Why are protein requirements higher during the first four months of life?
A
Growth is the most rapid in this time
23
Q
What does migitol do?
A
Delay absorption of glucose from the GI tract
24
Q
Why should fat intake not be restricted in infants?
A
Because fatty acids are essential for proper brain and nervous system development
25
What is one community nutrition support for adolescents?
Comprehensive school health program
26
What are some consequences to infants born to women with poor PKU control at the time of conception?
```
Spontaneous abortion
Microencephaly
Retardation
Heart defects
Growth retardation
```
27
What is the connection between the meals a teen grows up eating and fast food consumption?
If they grow up eating healthy/balanced meals, they will be more likely to prefer those foods even over the fast food that is so common among teens
28
How do serotonin levels contribute to disordered eating?
Serotonin levels help modulate feeling, mood, and impulse control
29
How is preeclampsia defined?
Hypertension and proteinuria after 20 weeks of gestation
30
What is the RDA for folate for all women of childbearing age?
400 micrograms daily
31
What is recommended juice intake for infants 6-12 months of age?
No more than 4-6 ounces
32
What is the risk of fraudulent nutrition/supplement claims for those with HIV or AIDS?
Those drugs are often toxic
Proper treatment is delayed
Supplements often interfere negatively with HIV meds
33
Even if no other changes are made, does physical activity help reduce the effects on blood pressure of a high sodium diet?
Yes, exercise helps reduce risks even if diet doesnt change
34
What blood glucose level is considered hypoglycemia?
Less than 70 mg/dL
35
How specifically does maternal metabolism change to accommodate the fetus?
The mother’s body metabolizes more fat to leave glucose for the fetus to metabolize (fetus prefers glucose)
36
What does hydrogenation do to some oils?
Turns them from cis fatty acids to trans fatty acids
37
What is the daily amount of fluid needed by a breastfeeding woman?
One quart
38
What are some credible website addresses?
.edu
.gov
.net
39
What are some nutrition-themed ways to reduce the risk of hormonal cancers?
Restrict intake of alcohol and smoked/BBQ/red meats
40
What does “multifactorial phenotype” mean in reference to fatness levels?
It means that the displayed phenotype (weight) is the product of many genetic/epigenetic/environmental factors
41
What is galactosemia?
An inability to tolerate any lactose. It’s an autosomal recessive enzyme deficiency
42
For fasting blood sugar, when should blood sugar be checked?
Before eating anything
43
What does metformin/glucophage do?
Decreases hepatic glucose absorption and improves insulin sensitivity
44
What is the function of phospholipids in the body?
Forming cell membrane structures
| Working as emulsifiers (keep fat dispersed in body fluids)
45
Do vitamin D supplements reduce cancer incidence?
No, according to new studies
46
Where does most of the sodium consumed in the US come from?
Flavoring agents
Preservatives
Dough conditioners (baking soda and baking powder)
47
Do sea salt and table salt have equal amounts of sodium?
Yes
48
What is the risk for those with chronic pain using ineffective or unproven remedies?
They may go into remission while using it and think the supplement brought it about, preventing them from seeking proper and timely diagnosis and treatment. The remedies themselves may also be harmful
49
What kind of data should the health care team monitor in the diabetic patient?
Signs/symptoms of high or low blood glucose
Weight management
Adherence to diabetic diet
A1C monitoring
50
When can solid foods be introduced to an infants diet?
Between 4 and 6 months of age
51
For maximum BP results, what should the DASH diet be combined with?
Sodium restriction
52
What other factors, besides genetics, affect fatness/thinness?
```
Nutrition
Psychological factors
Economic factors
Social factors
Stress
```
53
What are the tropical oils and what instruction would one give patients about their consumption?
Palm and coconut oil
| They are the only plant source of naturally saturated fats, and should only be consumed occasionally
54
What is the most common way to add iron to an infants diet?
Iron fortified cereals and formulas
55
What aid the role of trans fats in the risk of coronary artery disease?
It raises LDL levels, allowing more cholesterol to be deposited in the body, which may contribute to arterial plaque formation
56
Is food fat or food cholesterol more responsible for raising blood cholesterol?
Food fat
57
What are signs and symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis?
```
Dehydration
Dry, flushed skin and mucous membranes
Fruity breath
Weakness
Nausea
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Polyuria
Vomiting
Weight loss
```
58
What are the risks of introducing solid food earlier than four months?
Excessive calorie intake
Allergies
GI issues
59
What are some dietary challenges faced by the older teen?
Dining hall meals at college
More flexible meal times
Trying to meet special dietary needs in college
60
What are the peak ages of anorexia onset?
Between 12 and 25
61
What products does the AHA not certify?
Desserts
62
What are the recommended/upper limit amounts of vitamin D for pregnant women?
5-50 micrograms/day
63
What is the association between vitamin D and preeclampsia?
Low vitamin D may be an associative factor of preeclampsia
64
What are the increased nutrition needs for preterm infants?
```
Protein
Calories
Calcium
Phosphorus
Sodium
Iron
Zinc
Vitamin E
Fluids
```
65
How long can formula be at room temperature before discarding?
Two hours
66
What happens to plasma volume during pregnancy?
It doubles
67
What role does omega 3 play in reducing the risk of coronary artery disease?
It reduces the blood clotting process, reducing the risk of blood clotting in arteries (and therefore heart attack)
68
What are some societal changes that directly impact teen nutrition?
```
More families with both parents working
Increased fast food consumption
Increased computer use/sedentary activities
More eating food away from home
Limited school physical education
```
69
What are the upper limit amounts of vitamin A?
2800-3000 micrograms/day
70
What are the increased nutrition needs for an HIV infected pregnant woman who has an opportunistic infection?
Calories
Protein
Vitamins
Minerals
71
What does the AHA limit snack certification to?
Unsweetened popcorn
72
What are some red flags for fraudulent cancer treatment claims?
That it treats all forms of cancer
Causes tumor shrinkage
Makes skin cancer disappear
Non-toxic
73
What are three things a patient with type 2 diabetes can do to maintain glycemic control?
Proper diet
Exercise
Using medication as prescribed
74
What are the consequences of not gaining enough weight during the second trimester?
Poor infant birth weights
75
What does the manufacturer NOT have to do in terms of health products?
Prove they work before marketing them or prove that they contain what they say they do
76
What role do susceptibility genes play in fatness?
They affect a person’s susceptibility to other genetic and environmental factors that might influence weight
77
How many extra calories per day are needed during the third trimester of pregnancy?
452 calories
78
What are three requisites for accurate nutrition information?
Science based
Peer reviewed
Replicable
79
What are some possible consequences of alcohol consumption during pregnancy?
Fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (CNS defects and anatomical defects)
80
Which body shape is more common for women?
Gynoid
81
What are fats in foods sometimes hydrogenated?
It makes the fat solid and more stable, which prevents them from going rancid
82
Which cholesterol level do we WANT to be high?
HDL
83
Name and describe the three types of nutritional claims that the US government works to regulate
Health claims: ability of a food to reduce risk of a disease
Nutrient content claim: “good source of (nutrient)”
Structure/function claim: what the food does for an organ or organ system (heart healthy, etc)
84
How are infant growth gains tracked?
On an infant growth chart
85
What are the functions of HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in the body?
LDL carries fat through the body to body cells, and HDL removes excess and used cholesterol from the body
86
Linoleic acid is also known as...
Omega 6 fatty acid
87
What are some reasons of why cows milk should not be given to infants before one year of age?
Cows milk moves though the intestines faster, meaning more fat is lost instead of absorbed
It is less digestible than breast milk fat and has less iron and other essential nutrients
It increases the risk for later milk allergies, hypercalcemia, tetany, and seizures
88
What are the two main types of polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Linoleic acid
| Linolenic acid
89
How many calories per day should a breastfeeding woman consume?
300-400 more than her pre-pregnancy intake
90
What is the treatment for PKU?
Close monitoring
Special formulas
Special diets
91
Why is some cholesterol needed by the body?
It is a vital part of cell membranes, nerve tissues, and hormones
92
What are some consequences of poor weight gain during pregnancy?
Growth retardation in infant
Prolonged hospitalization after birth
Illness and death in the first year
93
Why are some nutritional claims protected whether they are scientifically correct or not?
Right to free speech
94
What are the main functions of sodium?
Regulation of blood pressure and volume
Transmission of nerve impulses
Regulation of body fluids between ECF and ICF
95
What three pathogens are high risk for pregnant women (foodborne illnesses)?
Listeria monocytogenes
Salmonella
Toxoplasma gondii
96
What foods contain saturated fatty acids?
Meat
Butter
Shortening
Vegetable oils
97
What is the RDA for protein during pregnancy?
71 grams per day
98
Caveat emptor
“Let the buyer beware”
99
Which body shape is more common for men?
Android
100
Recommended weight gain for woman who was overweight pre-pregnancy?
15-25 pounds
101
How must patients with anorexia think of food?
As medicine their body needs (not necessarily as something pleasurable)
102
How much protein is recommended daily for teen girls?
45 grams
103
Why should a lactating woman not consume alcohol?
Because alcohol passes into the milk, and also inhibits oxytocin
104
Why is breast milk called the “perfect” food?
It’s a perfect composition of necessary nutrients and doesnt have to be purchased or cooked
105
What are the benefits of teaching nutrition in the school setting?
It gives students a rationale for eating healthy (like increased sports performance)
106
What are misdirected health claims?
Misguided statements to make consumers think something is healthier than it is
107
When cows milk is introduced into the diet, what kind does it need to be? Why?
Whole milk, because infants need the high fat content of whole milk
108
What are the main reasons for the rise of type 2 diabetes in children?
Lack of exercise
| Obesity
109
Why may some infants need a vitamin D supplement?
They may not get enough sunlight exposure for adequate vitamin D synthesis
110
What is the role of sterols in the body?
Provides materials to make bile, synthesize vitamin D, and make sex hormones and cells in the brain and nervous tissue
111
What is the major plant source of saturated fatty acids?
Palm and coconut oil and cocoa butter
112
What influence does leptin have on body composition?
It inhibits food intake and regulates long-term appetite
113
What is the MOST EFFECTIVE means for lowering blood pressure?
Weight loss
114
What dietary factors need to be assessed in a pregnant adolescent?
Poor dietary habits
Worries about weight gain
Eating more meals away from home
115
What have research findings discovered about genetics and certain components of the energy balance equation?
There are genetic influences on the ability to use fat for energy, on taste preferences, and on the ability to achieve high level conditioning (all drastically impacts ability to gain or lose weight
116
What are the characteristics of the gynoid body shape?
Shaped like a pear, biggest in the hips, butt, and thighs
117
What do the chemicals produced by foam cells do?
Damage arterial walls and cause changes that produce plaque
118
What location and type of fat have the biggest detrimental impact on health?
Visceral fat in the abdomen is more dangerous than any other type (such as subcutaneous abdominal fat or fat in other areas)
119
What websites need to be reviewed with caution?
.com websites
120
What is the shortcoming of family studies?
You cannot separate genetic and environmental effects
121
What are some top contributing factors to type 2 diabetes?
```
Obesity
Socioeconomic status
Homelessness
Pregnancy
Poor nutrition
```
122
What is the daily recommended intake of sodium?
Less than 2300 mg/day
123
Chronic dieting may predispose people to what conditions?
Binge eating disorder
Alcoholism
Drug abuse
124
What can fluoride in drinking water cause in infants younger than 6 months of age?
Fluorosis (hypermineralization of the tooth enamel)
125
What is the RDA for iron during pregnancy?
27 mg/day
126
Recommended weight gain for woman who was obese pre-pregnancy?
11-20 pounds
127
What affects needed nutrients and recommended calorie/protein levels for teens?
Level of physical activity
128
What is anorexia nerviosa?
Eating disorder in which the patient severely rejects food
129
How much calcium is recommended daily for teens?
1300 mg
130
Define health fraud
Misrepresentation of health claims
131
What are some other lifestyle modifications that can reduce blood pressure?
```
Decreasing alcohol consumption
Stopping smoking
Increased exercise
Decreased sodium intake
Increased potassium/magnesium/calcium intake
DASH diet
Drinking more water
```
132
How often should a patient with T2DM get an A1C test?
Every year
133
When might the body need to use body fat as energy?
Illness
Food restriction
Pregnancy
134
What are some risks of gestational diabetes?
Fetal abnormalities and mortalities
Large for gestational age infants
Hypoglycemia upon infant birth
Higher risk of diabetes later in life for the mother
135
What two factors increase iron absorption?
Vitamin C
| Taking it on an empty stomach
136
How many extra calories are needed per day during the first semester?
None, if the woman is of average or overweight
137
What is the RDA for folate during pregnancy?
600 micrograms/day
138
What are the characteristics of the android body shape?
Shaped like an apple, biggest around the waist
139
What are the three classifications of lipids?
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Sterols
140
Under what conditions can a pregnant woman eat hot dogs or deli meat?
If its been heated to 165 degrees
141
What is the main monounsaturated fat found in foods?
Oleic acids
142
What happens to the BMR during pregnancy?
It increases by 15-20%
143
What are some treatment plans for anorexia?
Early detection
| Emotional acceptance behavior therapy
144
Where can cholesterol be found?
Only in animal sources. No plant foods contain cholesterol
145
BMI values among first degree relatives are..
Usually similar. There is an increased obesity risk in those with first degree relatives that are obese
146
What percentage of women develop GDM?
5-10 percent
147
What does the AHA restrict beverage certification to?
Milk
Drinkable yogurt
Fruit/vegetable juices
148
What is colostrum and what value does it have for newborns?
Fluid secreted from the breasts in late pregnancy and the first few days postpartum. It Contains maternal antibodies and essential nutrients
149
How does culture and ethnicity impact successful breastfeeding?
Successful breastfeeding is more likely if it is normal and supported in the mother’s ethnic community
150
Pertaining to meals, when should blood sugar be checked?
30 minutes before the meal
151
What does increasing dietary potassium do to the body’s sodium levels?
Decreases it by increasing the amount of sodium passed in our urine
152
What other factors besides nutrients does breast milk contain?
Antibodies and immunologic factors
153
Soft cheeses are safe for pregnant women if...
Made with pasteurized milk
154
What nutritional needs does a pregnant woman with preeclampsia have?
Well balanced diet high in protein with adequate vitamins and minerals
155
What is non-organic failure to thrive?
Lack of growth and development in the infant related to abuse, neglect, under feeding, or other psychosocial reasons
156
What helps to make lipoproteins in the body?
Lecithin
157
What are some problems in the food industry that aid in the promotion of fraudulent nutritional claims?
Limited regulation of dietary supplements
Uncredentialed/non-accredited nutritionists
Research going public before being peer reviewed
158
During which trimester is adequate weight gain most important?
Second trimester
159
What are some factors that influence body fat patterns and body shape?
Gender, age, developmental stage, ethnic group
160
What are some roles of the teen in their own nutrition?
Making healthy choices
| Participating in shopping for foods and meal planning if possible
161
In the diabetic patient, what can be some causes of hypoglycemia?
Too much insulin
Skipping meals
Too much exercise
162
Why do some non-diabetic women develop GDM?
Pregnancy hormones decrease insulin sensitivity, so the pancreas must secrete more to meet the body’s needs. Not everyone’s pancreas can do it, leading to GDM
163
What percentage of daily fat intake should come from saturated fats?
10% or less
164
What are the clinical manifestations of diabetic ketoacidosis?
Ph less than 7.15
Osmotic diuresis
Dehydration
Deep/rapid respirations
165
What are some side effects of metformin/glucophage?
Weight loss
Nausea
Diarrhea
Possible reduced absorption of vitamin B12 and folic acid
166
What is the risk of weight loss schemes?
May cause short term weight loss but lead to long term harm or nutritional deficits
167
How much urine output is desired in the oliguric stage of AKI?
30 mL/hour
168
What are the major food sources of linolenic/omega 3 fatty acid?
```
Fish
Canola/walnut oil
Soybean oil
Wheat germ
Leafy green vegetables
```
169
What are the main food sources of Linoleic/omega 6 fatty acid?
Fish (ex. Salmon, herring, trout)
170
What are three reasons that chronic alcohol users might have a thiamine deficiency?
Decreased food intake
Decreased intestinal absorption
Additional need for thiamine for the liver to detoxify alcohol
171
Define health fraud
Intentionally misleading diet claim in order to make a profit
172
What are the best sources of phospholipids?
Red meat
Seafood
Eggs
Cooked green vegetables
173
What are food sources of cholesterol?
```
Meat
Eggs
Fish
Poultry
Dairy
```
174
What are some signs and symptoms of anorexia nerviosa?
```
Exhaustion
Extreme weight loss
Extreme pursuit of thinness
Misperceived body image
Limited eating
Binge eating and purging
```
175
What are some possible consequences of high levels of phenylalanine?
CNS damage and mental retardation
176
How long after introducing one solid food should a parent wait before introducing another? Why?
4-5 days, to monitor for allergic reactions
177
What are some hydrogenated vegetable oils and where are they found?
Corn, soybean, and cottonseed oil
| Often used in potato and corn chips
178
What are the consequences/symptoms of thiamine deficiency?
```
Muscle weakness
Loss of coordination
Pain
Anorexia
Weakening heart muscles
```
179
When reviewing books and articles, what should be examined to determine credibility?
The author’s qualifications
180
When does the change in plasma volume in pregnancy begin?
At the start of the second trimester
181
Who determines the criteria for the heart-check mark on food packaging?
American heart association
182
What is the adequate daily intake of sodium?
1500 mg/day
183
Who controls claims of “natural” for meat and poultry?
Food safety and inspection service at the USDA
184
What are the two hormones that regulate weight gain and loss?
Leptin and ghrelin
185
Are breast fed or bottle fed babies more likely to be at risk for vitamin D deficiency?
Breast fed
| Commercial formula is vitamin D supplemented
186
Which hormone is primary responsible for milk synthesis?
Prolactin
187
What are two main causes of acute renal failure?
Acute tubular necrosis
| Nephrotoxicity
188
What does the term “natural” indicate?
No artificial flavoring, coloring, or chemical preservative
189
What percentage of calories from fat are supplied in breast milk and formula?
50%
190
Why is hypertension called the silent killer?
Because it leads to many diseases with high mortality rates and many people do not know they have it
191
Is there a single gene for fatness or thinness?
No
192
What dietary supplements should be avoided when there is an increased risk for lung cancer?
Beta carotene and vitamin E
193
What foods inhibit iron absorption?
```
Milk
Eggs
Bran
Tea
Spinach and Swiss chard
```
194
What has the highest death rate of all mental illnesses?
Anorexia nerviosa
195
What is included in the energy balance equation?
BMR, thermic effects of food, and energy cost of light exercise
196
What are the emotional characteristics of binge eating disorder?
Rapid and secretive eating
| Feelings of shame
197
What is the role of lipoproteins in the body?
They transport fat in the circulatory system
198
How often should a newborn breastfeed after the first few weeks?
At least 10-12 times in a 24 hour period
199
Why are men able to gain and lose weight more easily?
Because they usually have more visceral fat, which is more easily gained/lost
200
What is the connection between vitamin D and gene expression?
Affects gene expression, and there are over 160 gene pathways linked to cancer
201
How long can prepared (but not yet consumed) formula be stored?
48 hours
202
What has the dominant influence on weight?
Genetics
203
What is a potential consequence of too little vitamin D?
Rickets
204
What is the importance of folate in pregnancy?
Prevention of neural tube defects like spina bífida and anencephaly
205
What do foam cells do to the body?
They cluster under the lining of artery walls, forming bulges that cause fatty streaks, which is the beginning of plaque formation
206
Why should pregnant women not exceed the UL amounts for vitamin A and D during pregnancy?
Exceeding it can cause birth defects
207
What is the daily energy cost of milk production?
500-800 kcal/day
208
What must the diabetic woman do during pregnancy to avoid complications?
Tight blood sugar control
Diet control
Moderate exercise
209
What does DASH stand for?
Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension
210
How much protein is recommended each day for teen boys?
45-59 grams
211
On average, how much sodium does an American consume daily?
3300 mg
212
Why does pregnancy put an extra strain on the immune system of a HIV positive women?
The hormones and proteins of pregnancy have an immunosuppressant effect
213
What percentage of calorie intake should come from fat?
20-35%
214
What type of diet is recommended to reduce the risk for breast and prostate cancers?
High in vegetables, fruit, and whole grains, with limited refined carbohydrates
215
In a family with a history of allergies, how long should parents wait before introducing solid foods? Why?
6 months of age, to reduce the risk of foods crossing the intestinal barrier and causing an immune response. The gut will be more mature around 6 months of age
216
In carb counting, how much is one serving of carbohydrates?
15 grams
217
Is table salt a significant source of overall sodium in the diet?
No, it is usually a nearly negligible amount
218
When those with bulimia are not binging, they are usually...
Dieting
219
In general terms, which hormone is leptin?
The satiety hormone
220
What has the FDA decided about trans fatty acids?
They are no longer safe for human consumption when formed through hydrogenation
221
Explain how triglycerides function in the body and why it’s so easy to have high triglyceride levels
Any calories we don’t need immediately are stored as triglycerides, and then released to provide energy between meals. However, if they are not needed (uneven energy intake and output) they remain stored as fat
222
What is binge eating disorder?
Eating large amounts of food in a short time span
223
Which polyunsaturated fat do most Americans not get enough of?
Linolenic/omega 3 fatty acid
224
What other things in the body are affected by diabetes?
```
Nerves
Eyes
Kidneys
Heart
Wound healing
```
225
What happens in diabetic ketoacidosis?
No glucose is available for energy, so the body breaks down fats and proteins for energy, leading to buildup of ketones in the blood (making it more acidic)
226
What are the manifestations of galactosemia?
Diarrhea
Stunted growth
Mental retardation
227
What is an essential fatty acid?
A polyunsaturated fat that cannot be made in the body and must be consumed in the diet
228
How are foam cells formed?
They are formed when cholesterol carried in the LDL is attacked by oxygen and oxidized. Macrophages then consume the oxidized material, which consumes in the form of foam cells
229
What percentage of pregnant women develop preeclampsia?
3-5%
230
What is phenylketonuria (PKU)?
An inability to break down the amino acid phenylalanine
231
How many extra calories are needed per day in the second trimester?
340 calories
232
Why might a pregnant woman over the age of 35 have distinct nutritional needs?
Low folate levels due to oral contraceptives
Possible poor eating habits
Risk for gestational diabetes
233
What is the role of essential fatty acids in the body?
Making compounds like prostaglandins that regulate BP, blood clotting, and gastric and muscle secretions. They also help nutrients absorb deep into the skin layers
234
What is the daily recommended calorie intake for teen females?
2200 calories
235
What is organic failure to thrive?
Lack of growth and development related to chronic or acute disorder in the infant
236
What are the main oral hypoglycemic agents?
Migitol
| Metformin/glucophage
237
What can excessive protein during early infancy do?
Have a negative impact on the kidneys
238
Why are fad diets especially dangerous in the teen years?
Because of high nutritional needs to support growth and development
239
What are the consequences of excessive UVB radiation?
Damage to lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins in the body
Altered metabolic function
Free radical damage
240
Why is there an increased need for iron during pregnancy?
Maternal RBC volume increases
| Fetus stores iron in the liver
241
What are the fat soluble vitamins? Where are they found?
A, D, E, and K
| They are primarily found in animal sources
242
Why is it important to mix formula exactly as stated on the package?
Because not enough water will give it a high renal solute load, which is hard on the kidneys. Too little water will lead to undernutrition
243
How will adequate energy intake be reflected in an infant?
Satisfactory gains in length and weight
244
What should a diabetic patient do during periods of illness?
Check blood glucose frequently
Increase fluids
Monitor electrolytes
245
What is the connection between waist circumference and chronic disease?
People with larger waist circumference (40” for men and 35” or more for women) have a higher risk for chronic diseases related to obesity
246
What are some signs that indicate an infant is developmentally ready for solid foods?
Sit with support and support their own head
Shows interest in solid food
Able to roll tongue to the back of the mouth (aids in swallowing)
247
How is galactosemia treated?
Exclusion of all milk products from the diet
248
Why might an infant born before 34 weeks not be able to bottle or breast feed?
The suck/swallow reflex is not fully developed
249
What is the AHA recommendation for sodium intake?
2/3 teaspoon
250
What is the minimum energy intake for adequate lactation?
1800 kcal/day
251
What is recommended sodium intake for someone in the oliguric stage of acute renal failure?
1000-2000 mg/day
252
Why is adequate calcium important during pregnancy?
To aid in mineralization of fetal skeleton
253
How do those with bulimia view their self worth?
Associated with being thin
254
What is the relationship of food to those with bulimia?
Food is a coping mechanism
255
List some red flags to remember when evaluating nutrition claims
Quick fix promises
Too good to be true
Simplistic conclusions to complex studies
Dramatic claims
Lists of good and bad foods
Support/testimonials only from non-scientists
256
What is the the best known phospholipid?
Lecithin
257
What are some common sources of listeria?
Lunch meat
Hot dogs
Cold cuts/deli meat
258
What is done in terms of nutrition in substance abuse rehabilitation?
Nutrition assessment, intervention, and support
259
Does exercise change the pattern of fat distribution?
No, it just changes the tone of the underlying muscle
260
What is included in emotional acceptance behavior therapy?
Increasing emotional awareness
Decreasing emotional avoidance
Resuming valued activities and relationships
261
How is anorexia incidence distributed between men and women?
Can happen for either, but more common in women (though percentage of men is rising)
262
What are the overt symptoms of EFA deficiency?
Skin lesions and scaliness
Dermatitis
Dry skin
Edema
263
What are the diagnostic criteria for bulimia?
Compensatory behavior two times a week for at least three months
264
Why should pregnant women not be on a sodium restricted diet?
Restricting sodium will reduce plasma volume and cardiac output
265
Which kind of fats raise blood cholesterol the fastest?
Saturated fats
266
When evaluating information from a television program, what should the consumer look for?
Well-researched and repeatable findings
267
What is recommended dairy product intake to help lower blood pressure in children and teens?
Two or more cups
268
What are some causes of DKA?
```
Insufficient/interrupted food patterns
Infection
Stress
Surgery
Heart attack
```
269
Describe fad foods and fad diets
Unusual diets and eating patterns to promote short term weight loss, but no thought is given to long term health
270
How would the nurse counsel lactating women in regards to fluid?
Replace fluids lost through breast milk by drinking water or juice
271
When are infants tested for PKU?
24 hours after eating for the first time and again 7-10 days later
272
What is the main function of thiamine in the body?
Coenzyme in energy metabolism
| Aids in nerve function
273
What are the nutritional impacts of increased progesterone during pregnancy?
It relaxes smooth muscle, slowing the GI tract and increasing absorption of iron and calcium
274
How does carbohydrate counting work?
The patient monitors how many carbohydrates are consumed in each meal and gives a correct corresponding insulin dose to counteract the effects of the carbs
275
What do adoptive studies reveal about genetics and environment?
Genetics is usually a stronger influencer than environment
276
What is recommended weight gain for a woman of normal pre-pregnancy weight?
25-35 pounds
277
What are some signs that an infant is full?
Turning head away from food, closing mouth/grimacing when food approaches
278
What is the cost of health fraud to consumers?
Money and good health
279
Recommended weight gain for a woman who was underweight pre-pregnancy?
28-40 pounds
280
What is the daily recommended calorie intake each day for teen males?
2500-3000 calories
281
Why should one let tap water run for 15-30 seconds before using it for formula?
To reduce the risk of lead leaching into the water
282
What are some effects of slower GI motility during pregnancy?
Constipation
Heartburn
Delayed gastric emptying
283
What is the best known sterol?
Cholesterol
284
Why is calcium needed so much in the teen years?
Skeletal growth and bone mineralization
285
Why are newborns of women with pre-existing diabetes at risk for hypoglycemia?
Because they are used to large amounts of maternal glucose crossing the placenta, and those maternal stores are no longer available after birth
286
What can happen in patients with AN without successful treatment?
Death (usually from cardiac arrhythmias)
