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NURSING 110 > Nursing-110 > Flashcards

Nursing-110 Flashcards

Unitary Man and Environment

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1
Q

Development

A

the pattern of movement or change that begins at conception and continues through the human lifespan

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2
Q

Traditional Approach

A

extensive change from birth to adolescence, but little to no change during adulthood, and a decline in old age

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3
Q

Life Span Approach

A

developmental change through childhood and adulthood

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4
Q

Life Span Perspective

A

development is multidimensional, multicultural, multidisciplinary, contextual, plastic, lifelong, multidirectional

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5
Q

Normative Age Graded Infleunces

A

influences that are common for individuals in a particular age group

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6
Q

Normative History Graded Influence

A

influences that are common for individuals in a particular generation

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7
Q

NonNormative Life Events

A

unusual occurrences that have major impact on an individual’s life

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8
Q

Emerging Adult

A

the developmental time frame from 18 to 25 years of age; characterized by experimentation and exploration

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9
Q

Normal Aging

A

peek in middle age and then declines through early 80s

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10
Q

Pathological Aging

A

individuals who show greater than average declines as they age

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11
Q

Successful Aging

A

declining later in old age, positive physical, cognitive and socioemotional development is maintained longer

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12
Q

Psychoanalytic Theories

A

development is primarily unconscious and heavily colored by emotions; early experiences with parents are emphasized

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13
Q

Freud’s Theory

A

psychosexual stages: focus of pleasure and sexual impulse which shifts from the mouth to the anus and eventually to the genitals
1. Oral-the mouth
2. Anal-the anus
3. Phallic-the penis or clitoris
4. Latency-little or no sexual motivation
5. Genitals-the penis or vagina

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14
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial theory

A

psychosocial stages: proposes eight stages of human development with each stage consisting of a unique developmental task that confront individuals with crisis that must be resolved
1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. Shame
3. Initiative vs Guilt
4.Industry vs. Inferiority
5. Identity vs Confusion
6. Intimacy vs Isolation
7. Generatively vs. Stagnation
8. Integrity vs. despair

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15
Q

Cognitive Theories

A

conscious thoughts

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16
Q

Piaget’s Theory

A

children actively construct their understanding of the world through four stages:
1. sensorimotor Stage
2. Pre-operational Stage
3. Concrete Operational Stage
4. Formal Operational Stage

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17
Q

Vygotsky’s Theory

A

sociocultural theory that emphasizes how culture and social interactions guide cognitive development

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18
Q

Information Processing Theory

A

theory emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it

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19
Q

Behavioral and Social Cognitive Theories

A

development is observable behavior that we can learn through experiences with the environment

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20
Q

Skinner’s Operant Conditioning

A

behavior followed by a reward stimulus is more likely to recur, whereas a behavior followed by a punishing stimulus is less likely to occur

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21
Q

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

A

observational learning, people cognitively represent the behaviors of others they see

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22
Q

Ethological Theory

A

behavior is strongly influenced by biology

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23
Q

Imprinting

A

the rapid innate learning that involves attachment ot the first moving object it sees, Lorenz believed imprinting needs to take place at a certain time called the critical period

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24
Q

Ecological Theory

A

Bronfenbrenner’s environmental systems:
1. microsystem-setting in which individual lives (family, peers, school, neighborhood)
2. mesosystem- relations between microsystems (family relationships, school to church relations)
3. Exosystem- individual’s immediate context and a social setting in which the individual does not play an active role
4. Macrosystem- involves culture
5. Chronosystem- consists of the patterning of environmental events and transitions over the life course

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25
Q

Electrical Theoretical Orientation

A

no single theory can explain all the development, every theory has contributed our understanding

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26
Q

Sex Linked Genes

A

X linked diseases (common in males, females carry)

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27
Q

Down Syndrome

A

extra chromosome

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28
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

extra X chromosome

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29
Q

Fragile X Syndrome

A

a type of X linked disease

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30
Q

Turner Syndrome

A

missing an X chromosome, web neck

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31
Q

XYY Syndrome

A

extra Y chromosome

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32
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A

dysfunctional mucus production

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33
Q

Diabetes

A

body does not produce insulin

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34
Q

hemophilia

A

clotting issues

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35
Q

Huntington disease

A

central nervous system deterioration

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36
Q

Sickle Cell Disease

A

does not carry enough red blood cells which thus limits body of oxygen

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37
Q

Passive Behavior Genetics

A

children inherit genetic tendencies and parents also provide an environment that matches theoir own genetic tendencies

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38
Q

Evocative Behavior Genetics

A

the children’s genetic tendencies elicit stimulation from the environment that support a particular trait

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39
Q

Active Behavior Genetics

A

actively seek out niches in their environment

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40
Q

Prenatal Development

A

3 periods that last approximately 38-40 weeks:
1.Germinal Period-first two weeks after conception
2. Embryonic Period-2 to 8 weeks after conception
3. Fetal Period-2 months after conception until birth

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41
Q

Birth Defects

A

-tetralogy and hazards are most sensitive between 3 to 8 weeks
-Anencephaly-brain, skull, or part of the head fails to grow thus the baby dies in utero because the neural tube failed to close
-Spina Bifida-varying degrees of paralysis

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42
Q

Ultrasound Sonography

A

high frequency waves, 7 weeks

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43
Q

Fetal MRI

A

magnetic waves that looks at the body and organs

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44
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling

A

10 to 12 weeks, look at tiny samples of the placenta to identify any chromosomal abnormalities

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45
Q

Amniocentesis

A

samples of the amniotic fluid to look for chromosomal abnormalities (15 to 18 weeks)

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46
Q

Maternal Blood Screening

A

16 to 18 weeks to look for neuronal defects, chromosomal and genital abnormalities

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47
Q

Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis

A

takes pregnant woman’s blood to look at the fetal DNA to determine diseases

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48
Q

Glucose Tolerance Test

A

25 to 28 weeks

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49
Q

GBS (Group B Strep)

A

swab of the vagina and test for bacterial infection so that the baby is not affected

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50
Q

The Birth Process

A

Stage 1: uterine contractions 15 to 20 minuyes apart and last up to 1 minute
Stage 2: begins when the baby’s head starts to move through the cervix and birth canal and ends when the baby completely emerges from the mother’s body
Stage 3: after birth, unbiblical cord, placenta and other membranes are detached and expelled

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51
Q

Apgar Scale

A

assesses the baby after birth. A score of 0,1, or 2 is given for each of the following: heart rate, body color, reflex irritability, muscle tone, and respiratory effort
-10 is the highest score while 3 or below indicate an emergency

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52
Q

Low Birth Weight infants

A

low birth infants weigh less than 5 1/2 pounds at birth

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53
Q

Kangaroo Care

A

treatment for preterm infants that involves skin to skin contract

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54
Q

Postpartum Assessment

A

breast, uterus, bowls, bladder, lochia, episiotomy, Homan’s sign, and emotional

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55
Q

Cephalocaudal Pattern

A

growth always occurs from top downward

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56
Q

Proximodistal Pattern

A

growth starts in the center of the body and moves toward the extremities

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57
Q

Average New Born Weight and Height

A

20 inches long and 7 1/2 pounds
the baby will gain 5 to 7 ounces a week
at two years old, the infant weighs 26 to 36 pounds and half their adult height

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58
Q

Shaken baby Syndrome

A

brain swelling and hemorrhaging

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59
Q

Infant Sleep Recommendation

A

16-17 hours

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60
Q

REM Sleep

A

eyes flutter beneath closed lids, sleep cycle begins with REM sleep in infants

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61
Q

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

A

a condition in which an infant stops breathing, usually during the night, and suddenly dies without any apparent cause
SIDS is the leading cause of death in infants

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62
Q

Marasmus

A

severe protein-calorie deficiency resulting in wasting away of body tissues

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63
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

severe protein deficiency that causes the abdomen and feet to swell up

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64
Q

Reflexes

A

Built in reactions to stimuli

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65
Q

rooting reflex

A

infant’s cheek is stroked or the side of the mouth is touched, in response the infant turns its head to find something to suck

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66
Q

Sucking reflex

A

newborn autonomic sucking when an object is placed in its mouth

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67
Q

Moro/Startle Reflex

A

startle response that occurs in reaction to a sudden intense noise, the baby arches its back and throws its head back and flings arms

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68
Q

Grasping Reflex

A

baby closes their fingers; grasping tightly

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69
Q

Tonic Neck

A

when baby’s head turns to the side it favors to see if the corresponding arm will straighten with the opposite arm bent

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70
Q

Babinsk Reflex

A

new born fans out toes when sole of the foot is touched

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71
Q

Infant Vision

A

22/40 vision

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72
Q

Object Permanence

A

objects continue to exist even when they can not directly be seen, heard, or touched

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73
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

stimulus becomes associated with a naturally occurring stimulus; the pairing of two stimuli to create a learned association

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74
Q

Operant Conditioning

A

behaviors are strengthened or weakened based on the consequence that follow them

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75
Q

Attention

A

the focusing of mental resources on selcet information

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76
Q

3 Month Child’s Attention

A

Attention can be held for 5-10 seconds

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77
Q

Basic Cry

A

rhythmic, followed by a brief silence, then a shorter inspiration whistle that is somewhat high in pitch

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78
Q

Anger Cry

A

variation of the basic cries, loud sound, like shouting

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79
Q

Pain Cry

A

sudden long, initial loud cry followed by breath holding

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80
Q

Seperation Anxiety

A

infant’s fear or wariness of strangers

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81
Q

Seperation Protest

A

crying when the caregiver leaves

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82
Q

Attachment Theorists

A
  1. Freud: infants become attached to the person that provides oral satisfaction
  2. Harlow: infant prefer contact over food
    3.Erikson: infants will trust people who provide physical comfort and sensitive care
  3. Bowlby: four phases of attachment
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83
Q

Early Childhood Physical Changes

A

girls have more fatty tissue than boys; boys have more muscle tissue

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84
Q

Early Childhood Brain Development

A

brain and head grow more rapidly than any other part of the body; some due to myelination

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85
Q

Early Childhood Recommended Sleep

A

10 to 13 hours

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86
Q

Narcolepsy

A

daytime sleepiness

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87
Q

Insomnia

A

difficulty in getting to sleep

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88
Q

Nightmares

A

scary dreams

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89
Q

Leading cause of death in Early Childhood

A

motor vehicle accidents, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and drowning

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90
Q

Sustained Attention

A

the ability to maintain attention to a selected stimulus for a prolonged period of time

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91
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

spanning from birth to 2 years old, where infants primarily learn about the world through their senses and motor actions

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92
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

spanning from 2 to 7, children represent the world with words, images, and drawings. Children gain the ability to mentally represent an object that is not present, and cognitions are dominated by egocentrism and magical belief

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93
Q

Childhood Egocentrism

A

the inability to distinguish between one’s own and someone else’s perspective

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94
Q

Animism

A

the belief that inanimate objects have lifelike qualities and are capable of action

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95
Q

Zone of Proximal Development

A

range of tasks that are too difficult for the child alone but that can be learned with guidance

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96
Q

Scaffolding

A

changing the levels of support during each teaching session

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97
Q
  1. Trust vs. Mistrust
A

(0-18 months) infant learns to either trust their caregivers to meet their needs, developing a sense of basic trust, or to mistrust them if their needs are not met, leading to a sense of insecurity and suspicion

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98
Q
  1. Autonomy vs. Shame
A

(2-3 years) toddlers who are encouraged to explore and do things on their own will develop autonomy, whereas those who are overly restricted will feel shame and doubt, leading to a lack of independence and confidence

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99
Q
  1. Initiative vs Guilt
A

(3-5 years) children grapple with the desire to take initiative and explore their environment versus feeling guilt if their actions are criticized or discouraged by caregivers

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100
Q
  1. Industry vs. inferiority
A

(6-11 years) marks the first time a child enters society beyond family. if children succeed in this stage, they can become productive and contributing members of society. if they fail, they may develop a sense of inferiority

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101
Q
  1. Identity vs. Role Confusion
A

(12-18) adolescents grapple with questions about who they are and try to establish a sense of self, potentially experiencing confusion if they cannot solidify their identity and in stead feel like they are playing different roles without a clear sene of self

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102
Q
  1. Intimacy vs. isolation
A

(19-40) Intimacy is the ability to be able to open up romantically and emotionally to those closest to you; those with intimacy have strong strong relationships with others. Isolation is the inability to form close relationships

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103
Q
  1. Generatively vs. Stagnation
A

(40-65) generatively refers to making a positive impact and contributing to the world, such as through raising children, mentoring others, or engaging in meaningful work . Stagnation, represents feeling stuck and unproductive, lacking a sense of purpose

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104
Q
  1. Ego Integrity vs. Despair
A

(65 to death) older adults grapple with either feeling satisfied with their life and accomplishments or experiencing regret and bitterness about missed opportunities, leading to despair

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105
Q

Emotion Coaching

A

parents monitor their children’s emotions, and assist them in labeling emotions and coach them in how to deal effectively with emotions

106
Q

Emotion Dismissing

A

parents view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions

107
Q

Heteronomous Mortality

A

justice and rules are conceived as unchangeable properties of the world (4-7 years)

108
Q

Transitional Phase

A

(7-10 years) children transitioning; have some features from the first stage and some features in the second stage

109
Q

Autonomous Mortality

A

(10 years or older) children become aware that rules and laws are created by people that in judging an action they should consider the actor’s intention as well as the consequences

110
Q

Kohlberg Stages

A

theory that focuses on how children develop mortality and moral reasoning

111
Q
  1. pre-conventional Reasoning
A

individual’s moral reasoning is controlled primarily by a punishment and obedience orientation. A period beginning in childhood where an individual has not yet adopted the moral principles of their society or culture. Individuals at this level judge the morality of a particular behavior or action by its consequences

112
Q
  1. conventional reasoning
A

individual’s moral reasoning develops expectations about social roles and an understanding of the need for laws in a society

113
Q
  1. Post- Conventional Reasoning
A

highest level, people make decision based on their own ethical principles and values, rather than on the laws or conventions of their society

114
Q

Authoritarian Parenting

A

restrictive, firm limits are placed on child and little verbal exchange is allowed

115
Q

Authoritative Parenting

A

encourages children to be independent but still places limits and controls on children’s actions, extensive verbal give and takes is allowed. parents are warm and nurturing toward the child

116
Q

Neglectful Parenting

A

parent is uninvolved in the child’s life

117
Q

Indulgent/Permisive parenting

A

parents are highly involved with their children, put few demands or controls on their children. parents let their child do anything they want

118
Q

Child Abuse

A

refers to both abuse and neglect of a child

119
Q

Child Maltreatment

A

not only referring to abuse but also the diverse conditions that are detrimental to children

120
Q

Child Neglect

A

failure to provide the child’s basic needs

121
Q

Middle to Late Childhood Physical Changes

A

slow, consistent growth; grow 2-3 inches a year and gain 5 to 7 pounds a year

122
Q

Leading Cause of Death in Middle to Late Childhood

A

motor vehicle accidents

123
Q

Vaccinations during Middle to Late Childhood

A

between 11 to 12 years of age, they will need MMR vaccination

124
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

perform concrete operations and logical reasoning and intuiative reasoning as long as the reasoning can be applied to a specific or concrete example

125
Q

Seriation

A

ordering stimulus in quantitative dimensions like length

126
Q

Transitivity

A

logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions

127
Q

self concept

A

domain specific

128
Q

self efficacy

A

self motivation

129
Q

Companionships freindship

A

friendship provides a familiar partner that is willing to spend time with us and jpin in collaborative activities

130
Q

stimulation freindship

A

provides interesting information

131
Q

Ego and support freindship

A

friendship provides the expectation of support and encouragement and feedback

132
Q

Social Comparison Friendship

A

friendships provides information about where we stand verse others and how we are doing

133
Q

Affection and Intimacy

A

friendship provides a warm close trusting relationship with another individual

134
Q

Popular Children

A

frequently nominated as a best friend and are rarely disliked by peers

135
Q

Average Children

A

receive average number of both positive and negative nominations from their peers

136
Q

Neglected Children

A

infrequently nominated as a best friend but are not disliked by their peers

137
Q

rejected children

A

infrequcnetly nominated as best friend and are actively disliked by their peers

138
Q

Controversial children

A

frequently nominated both as someone’s best friend and as being disliked

139
Q

Puberty

A

occurring in adolescence; a rapid physical change

140
Q

menarche

A

the first menstrual period

141
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues

142
Q

Corpus Colosseum

A

a large bundle of axon fibers that connects the brains left and right hemispheres. in adolescence, these fibers thicken which improves information processing

143
Q

Limbic System

A

the region of the brain where emotions and rewards are experienced; almost completely developed by early adolescence. Amygdala is part of the limbic system that is the seat for emotions such as anger; develops earlier than the prefrontal cortex

144
Q

Sleep during adolescents

A

9 hours

145
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation; an intense fear of gaining weight

146
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

consistently follows a bing and purge eating pattern

147
Q

binge eating disorder

A

frequent bing eating without the compensatory behavior like purging

148
Q

development of sexual identity

A
  1. managing emerging sexual feelings
  2. learning skills to regulate sexual behavior to avoid undesirable consequences
  3. developing new forms of intimacy
149
Q

Sexually transmitted infections

A

diseases that are contracted primarily through sexual contact

150
Q

Genital Herpes

A

family of viruses with different strains; involves the eruption of sores and blisters (no known cure but antiviral medication)

151
Q

AIDS

A

caused by HIV which destroys the body’s immune system. semen and blood are the main vehicles of transmission (no cure)

152
Q

Genital warts

A

caused by papillomavirus; usually appears as small hard painless bumps in the vaginal area around the anus, can cause erectile dysfunction (tropical freezing or surgery)

153
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

think in more abstract and logical ways

154
Q

Hypothetical Deductive Reasoning

A

method for proposing hypotheses and testing their validity by comparing them to observed data.

155
Q

Adolescent Egocentrism

A

adolescents belief that others are interested in them as they are themselves and in adolescents sense of person uniqueness and invincibility

156
Q

Imaginary audience

A

adolescents belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are

157
Q

Personal Fable

A

involves a sense of uniqueness and individuality

158
Q

Danger Invulnerability

A

adolescents sense of indestructibility and tendency to take on physical risk

159
Q

Psychological invulnerability

A

adolescents felt invulnerability related to personal or psychological distress

160
Q

Top Dog Phenomenon

A

moving from the top position in elementary school to the youngest smallest and least powerful position in middle or or junior high school

161
Q

Psychosocial Moratorium

A

gap between childhood security and adult autonomy that adolescents experience as part of their identity exploration

162
Q

Identity Diffusion

A

individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments

163
Q

identity Foreclosure

A

Individuals who have made a commitment but not have yet experienced a crisis

164
Q

identity moratorium

A

those who in the midst of a crisis but their commitments are absent or vaguely defines

165
Q

Identity achievement

A

individuals who have experienced a crisis and have made a commitment

166
Q

cliques

A

small groups that range from 5 to 6 individuals; usually the same age and same sex and often engage in similar activities

167
Q

Crowd

A

larger groups, composed of individuals who share particular characteristics but they do not interact with another

168
Q

Dating and Romantic Relationships during Adolescents

A
  1. entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about 11 to 13 years of age
  2. exploring romantic relationships at 14 to 16 years of age
  3. consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about 17 to 19 years of age
169
Q

Early Adulthood Physical Changes

A

peak functioning of the body’s joints at 20 years old; leading cause of death are accidents, homicide, and suicide.

170
Q

Early Adulthood Sleep recommendations

A

7-9 hours

171
Q

Binge Drinking

A

5 or more drinks in a row

172
Q

Having Drinking

A

15 drinks for men a week and 8 drinks for women a week

173
Q

Pregaming

A

drinking alcohol before going out

174
Q

Postformal Thought

A

adults think in favor of reflective, realistic, and provisional. reflective thinking deals with considering actions and figuring out what works best for each different scenario. Provisional thinking is they seek out the truth and realistic thinking is thinking that is not abstract

175
Q

Working Memory

A

mental work bench, manipulate and assemble information

176
Q

Explicit Memory

A

conscious memory of facts and experiences long term memory

177
Q

episodic memory

A

retention of information about the where and when life’s happenings happened

178
Q

semantic knowledge

A

general knowledge of names, places, words

179
Q

source memory

A

remember where one learned something

180
Q

Prospective memory

A

remember to do something in the future

181
Q

Rapport Talk

A

women prefer to establish connections and negotiating

182
Q

Report Talk

A

men prefer information, public speaking, and short to the point

183
Q

Secure Attachment Style

A

positive view of relationships, find it easy to get close to others

184
Q

Avoidant Attachment Style

A

hesitant about getting involved; once involved then they distance themselves

185
Q

Sternberg’s Triangular Theory of Love

A

loves includes three components or dimensions: passion- sexual attraction
intimacy- emotional feelings
commitment- maintenance

185
Q

Anxious Attachment Style

A

demand closeness, less trusting and more emotional and jealous

185
Q

Affectionate Love

A

a relationship marked by intimacy and commitment

186
Q

Fatuous Love

A

a relationship marked by passion and commitment

187
Q

Consummate Love

A

contain all three dimensions

188
Q

Middle Adulthood physical change

A

changes are gradual; height is lost due to bone loss in vertebrae (men lose 1/2 inch from 30-50 and another 1/2 during 50-70; women lose 2 inches from 25-75) Weight is gained and skin appears aging

189
Q

Sarcopenia

A

age related loss of lean muscle mass and strength in legs and back

190
Q

Cholesterol in Middle Adulthood

A

increases and starts to build in artery walls, thickening and limiting blood flow (LDLs- bad HDLS- good)

191
Q

Lungs during middle adulthood

A

less elastic protein in lungs which decreases lung capacity

192
Q

Vision during middle adulthood

A

experiences sharp declines between 40-59 years; seeing in the dark and seeing close objects become harder. blind spots and harder to see color

193
Q

Hearing during middle adulthood

A

start decline by the age of 40 and high pitched sounds are typically lost first

194
Q

Brain in Middle Adulthood

A

shrinking and slowing

195
Q

Sleep in middle adulthood

A

7-9 hours

196
Q

Climacteric

A

fertility decline

197
Q

Perimenopause

A

women going from having a menstrual cycle to not having a menstrual cycle completely (mood swings and hot flashes)

198
Q

Menopause

A

women not having a menstrual cycle for a year

199
Q

Hormone Replacement theory

A

treatment for unpleasant symptoms during menopause; consists of estrogen and progestin administered for a short time

200
Q

Hypogonadism

A

not producing enough testosterone

201
Q

Testosterone Replacement

A

improves sexual functioning

202
Q

erectile dysfunction

A

caused by low testosterone

203
Q

Leading cause of death in Middle Adulthood

A

cancer and cardiovascular disease

204
Q

Chronic Disorders

A
  1. Arthritis- inflammation of joints
  2. Hypertensions- high blood pressure
  3. Osteoporosis- loss of bone tissue
205
Q

Crystalized Intelligence

A

accumulated information and verbal skills which continues to increases

206
Q

Fluid Intelligence

A

reason abstractly and quickly which declines

207
Q

Cognitive Mechanics

A

the neurobiological process that support basic information processing abilities such as reasoning, spatial orientation, perceptual speed, and verbal memory (fluid)

208
Q

Cognitive Pragmatics

A

associated with experience and culture (crystallized)

209
Q

Life Review

A

looking back at one’s life, evaluating, interpreting and reinterpreting

210
Q

Life Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life

A

each stage has a task that needs to be mastered:
1. teens transition from dependence to independence
2. 20s are a novice phase of adult development
3. 30s are a time for focusing on family and career development
4. 40s stbale career and now must look foward to the kind of life they are willing to lead

211
Q

Midlife crisis

A

the transition between early and middle adulthood in which a person is stuck between the past and future; coping with the idea of aging

212
Q

Social Clock

A

timetable according to which individuals are expected to accomplish life’s tasks

213
Q

Fun Seeking Style

A

activities, friend, emotionally involved

214
Q

Distant Figure Style

A

not emotionally involved, advice is given

215
Q

Formal Style

A

mix of both

216
Q

Late Adulthood

A

65 years or older
65-74- young old
75-84- older old
85- more oldest old

217
Q

evolutionary Theory

A

natural selection has not eliminated many harmful conditions and non adaptive characteristics min older adults

218
Q

Hormonal stress theory

A

as the hormonal system in the body ages, the lower the resistance to stress becomes and increased probability of illness

219
Q

Cellular Clock Theory

A

cells become less capable of dividing

220
Q

Free Radical Theory

A

microbiological theory; cell produce a unstable oxygen molecule that damage DNA and other structures

221
Q

Mitochondrial Theory

A

decay of the mitochondria

222
Q

Late adulthood physical change

A

weight is usually dropped; men lose 1/2 in while women drop 2 in in height
cardiovascular disease increases and lung capacity decreases (diaphragm strengthening)

223
Q

Vaccinations during Late Adulthood

A

the flu vaccinations every year and after 65, pneumonia vaccination is required every 5 to 7 years

224
Q

Brain during Late adulthood

A

the brain shrinks; the prefrontal cortex is one area that shrinks with aging and changes of corpus colosseum

225
Q

Dementia

A

overarching term, global term for neurological disorders that consist of the deterioration of mental functioning

226
Q

Alzheimer Disease

A

gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language and eventually physical function
Cholinerase: inhibitors and other drugs slow down the progression the disease by increasing the production of acetylcholine in the brain

227
Q

Mild Cognitive Impairment

A

recognized as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. represents transitional stage between the cognitive changes of normal aging and very early stages of Alzheimer’s disease
not every MCI diagnosis has Alzhiemer’s disease

228
Q

Parkinson’s Disease

A

characterized by muscle tremors, slowing of movement, and facial paralysis which is triggered by the decline of dopamine
treatments include administrating drugs that enhance the drug L-Dopa and deep brain stimulation which involves implanting motor function for up to 10 years

229
Q

Vision in Late Adulthood

A

decline in vision and adaptation to dark and driving at night becomes harder.

230
Q

Cataracts

A

thickening of the lens of the eye that causes the vision to be cloudy, opaque, and distorted
treated with laser eye surgery

231
Q

Glaucoma

A

damage to the optic nerve because the pressure created by a buildup of fluid in the eye
eye drops can help

232
Q

Macular Degeneration

A

deterioration of the macula of the retina, thus one can see peripheral but can not see in front of them
laser eye surgery or stem cells can help
leading cause of blindness

233
Q

Hearing during Late Adulthood

A

hearing impairments increases but can be helped with hearing aid and cochlear implants

234
Q

Touch and Pain in Late adulthood

A

slight decline in touch sensitivity and sensitivity to pain which is why some injuries are masked causing older people to not get treatment right away

235
Q

Sleep during Late Adulthood

A

7-8 hours

236
Q

Tip of the tongue Phenomenon

A

confident that they can remember something but just can not quite seem to retrieve it from memory

237
Q

Reminiscence Therapy

A

discussing past activities and experiences with another individual or group

238
Q

Socioemotional Selective theory

A

older adults become more selective about their social networks
older adults will choose close friends over new friends

239
Q

disengagement theory

A

older adults gradually withdraw from society

240
Q

Active Theory

A

the more active and involved, the more satisfied with their lives they will be

241
Q

Ageism

A

prejudice against someone because their age
self esteem declines significantly

242
Q

Death System

A

helps members of a societal group identify death and know how to respond to that death: people, places, contexts, times that memorialize death; objects and symbols

243
Q

Euthanasia

A

is the act of painlessly ending a terminal or severely disabled patient’s life to prevent suffering

244
Q

Active Euthanasia

A

actively giving a patient a lethal dose of a medication to end a patient’s life

245
Q

Passive Euthanasia

A

allowing death to occur by withholding treatment that might keep the patient alive
taking of a ventilator

246
Q

Palliative Care

A

any stage of serious illness, can be combined with treatments aimed ay curing an illness, and broader and includes all stages of disease management

247
Q

Hospice Care

A

end of life care for patients with a prognosis of six months or less to live; exclusively focuses on comfort, not curative treatment and specific type of palliative care for the terminal phase of an illness

248
Q

Leading Cause of Death in Middle to Late Adulthood

A

chronic disease

249
Q

Attitudes toward death

A
  1. children: honesty
  2. Adolescents: glossed over or kidded about
    3.Adulthood: dread and fear of death
  3. Oler Adults: forced to face their own mortality
250
Q

NJ POLST

A

practitioner order for life sustaining treatment

251
Q

Kubler Ross Stages of Dying

A
  1. denial
  2. anger
  3. bargaining
  4. depression
  5. acceptance
252
Q

Grieving

A

psychological and physiological response to the death of a close person

253
Q

Complicated Grief

A

different in terms of duration, intensity, and or disruption of function criteria; exceeds the typical amount of time (6 to 12 months) that individual’s need to recover from a loss

254
Q

Stigmatized Grief (Disenfranchised)

A

can be isolating, individual’s grief that is socially ambiguous and can not be open

255
Q

Life Expectance

A

79 years of age

256
Q

Pessimists

A

a person who tends to see the worst aspect of thins or believe that the worst will happen

257
Q

Narcissits

A

a person who has an excessive interest in or admiration of themselves

258
Q

Cohabitating Parents

A

living together in an intimate and committed relationship; but not married to each other

259
Q

Matching Hypothesis

A

claims that people are more likely to form a committed relationship with someone equally attractive

NURSING 110 (3 decks)

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