NURS200 CH 4 THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS OF NURSING Flashcards
•Domain
- Is the perspective of a profession
- Provides the subject, central concepts, values and beliefs, phenomena of interest, and central problems of a discipline
•Domain of nursing provides both practical and theoretical aspects of the discipline.
- Paradigm
- Links science, philosophy, and theories accepted and applied by a discipline
- Nursing paradigm
- Links person, health, environment/situation, and nursing
- •To differentiate:
- •In medicine, physicians diagnose and treat disease.
- •In nursing, nurses diagnose and treat human responses to actual or potential health problems.
- •In nursing, you will use critical thinking skills to integrate knowledge, experience, attitudes, and standards into the individualized plan of care for each patient.
- A phenomenon is an aspect of reality that people consciously sense or experience. In nursing, phenomena include caring, self-care, and patient response to stress.
- A theory consists of interrelated concepts. Concepts help to describe or label phenomena.
- The definitions within a theory communicate the general meaning of the concepts. These definitions describe the activity necessary to measure the concepts within a theory.
- Assumptions are taken-for-granted statements that explain the nature of the concepts, definitions, purposes, relationships, and structure of a theory.
Types of Theory
- Grand
- Broad in scope, complex, require specification
- Middle-range
- More limited in scope and less abstract
- Descriptive
- Describe phenomena, speculate on why phenomena occur, and describe the consequences of phenomena.
- Prescriptive
- Address nursing interventions for a phenomenon, and predict the consequence of a specific nursing intervention.
•Nightingale (mid-1800s)
–Environment as the focus of nursing care
–Descriptive theory
•Peplau (1952)
–Focus on interpersonal relations between nurse, patient, and patient’s family
–Development of nurse-patient relationship
•Henderson (1955, 1966)
–14 basic needs of the whole person
–Framing nursing care are the needs of the individual.
•Orem (2001)
–Focuses on patient’s self-care needs
–Goal is for patient to manage his or her health problems.
•Leininger (2010)
–Theory of cultural care diversity and universality
–Considers social structure factors
•Neuman (2010)
–Based on stress and the patient’s reaction to the stressor
–Role of nursing is to stabilize the patient or situation.
- Susan and Bill review the history of nursing theories. Rank the following nursing theories in chronological order of their acceptance into nursing practice.
- Leininger’s theory
- Henderson’s theory
- Peplau’s theory
- Nightingale’s theory
- Orem’s theory
Rationale: The chronological order of acceptance into nursing practice of the nursing theories listed here is as follows: Nightingale’s, Peplau’s, Henderson’s, Orem’s, and Leininger’s.
•Roy (1989)
–Views the patient as an adaptive system
–When patient cannot adapt to stressors, nursing is needed.
•Watson (1996)
–Defines the outcome of nursing activity with regard to the humanistic aspects of life
–Purpose is to understand the interrelationships among health, illness, and human behavior.
•Benner and Wrubel (1989)
–Caring is central.
Bill reads about the concept of people’s responses and adaptation to change. The theory that views the patient as an adaptive system is ______________.
Answer: Roy’s theory
Rationale: According to Roy’s model, the goal of nursing is to help the person adapt to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependent relations during health and illness.
