Nuremberg Code

Question 1

When was the Nuremberg Code established, and what is it?

Answer 1

Established 1946

First internationally recognized code of medical research ethics

Question 2

Principles of the Nuremberg Code?

Answer 2

Voluntary consent is essential

Research should yield useful results

Research should be based on prior animal work

Investigators should take every step to avoid unnecessary physical and mental suffering

No expectation of death or disabling injury

Risks must be outweighed by importance

Subjects must be protected from injury

Only qualified scientists may conduct research

Subjects may withdraw

Investigators must be ready to withdraw subjects