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CORE Nukes > Nukes Q/A > Flashcards

Nukes Q/A Flashcards

1
Q

What is ionizing radiation?

A

high energy radiation given off from radioactive materials

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2
Q

What are four types of ionizing radiation

A

alpha particle beta particle gamma particle neutron

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3
Q

Long term effects of radiation interaction with cells

A

changes in mitochondrial and nuclear DNA irreparable damage and mutations which can be propagated in a cell line

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4
Q

Maximum dose no longer increases effect (e.g. complete hair loss)

A

deterministic effect

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5
Q

Latency period is required before effects become evident

A

stochastic effect

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6
Q

Acute effects of excessive radiation

A

Deterministic effects

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7
Q

Probabilistic effects of radiation exposure

A

stochastic effects

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8
Q

Probability of disease at any dose level and the probability increases with dose

A

Stochastic effect

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9
Q

Examples of direct deterministic effects of radiation:

A

erythema, hair loss, nausea/vomiting, aplastic anemia

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10
Q

Is radiation sickness a deterministic or stochastic effect?

A

deterministic

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11
Q

What device measures radiation intensity?

A

ionization chamber

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12
Q

What is the unit used to measure radiation intensity?

A

milliRoentgen per hr (mR/hr)

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13
Q

How many rads are in 1 Gy?

A

100rads = 1Gy

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14
Q

In nuclear medicine what does the absorbed dose depend on?

A

-t1/2 of radiopharmaceutical -Biological t1/2 of radiopharmaceutical -% taken up by body -Type of radiation emitted by radiopharmaceutical

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15
Q

What is the radiation weighting factor

A

used with equivalent dose: Photons 1 Electrons 1 Protons 2 Alpha 20 ←most damage Neutrons varies with E

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16
Q

What is the NRC limit for patient release?

A

7 mrem/hr

17
Q

Is food or drink allowed in the hot lab?

A

no

18
Q

Can you prop the door open to the hot lab

A

no

19
Q

What dose range is allowed for a dose calibrator?

A

+/- 20%

20
Q

How is constancy of a dose calibrator measured?

A

Reference source (57co, 133Ba, 68Ge, or 137 Cs) is placed in the dose calibrator, should be within 10% on DAILY readings

21
Q

How is linearity checked?

A

Decay method or shield method. Measured activities of Tc-99m plotted on a semilogarithmic graph either over time or using lead sleeves of increasing thickness (to save time)

22
Q

QC time intervals for a dose calibrator

A

Constancy = daily Linearity = quarterly Accuracy = annually Geometry = after repair or moving instrument Calibration = annually

23
Q

What should beta emitters be shielded with?

A

Glass or plastic to avoid bremsstrahlung xray exposure

24
Q
A

dose calibrator

(gas filled detector used to measure the radiopharmaceutrical dose before administering it to the patient)

25
Q
A

weekly

26
Q

What does Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulation 10 CFR Part 35 deal with?

A

10 CFR Part 35 is titled “Medical Use of By-product Material,” and is a key regulation for Nuclear Medicine Authorized Users and physicians performing radiation therapy.

Familiarity with 10 CFR Part 35 is particularly important for individuals who use radioactive materials for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Requirements for practice, training, experience, and related information is given.

27
Q

According to BEIR VII, cancer incidence increases by approximately how much? (1 Gy = 100 rad)

A

0.08% per rad (8% per Gy)

Cancer risk estimates are often quoted simply as as 0.08% per rem for excess cancer incidence and 0.04% per rem for excess cancer death, making no distinction in the risk estimate for males and females. These values are based on the results of the BEIR V (1990) report, which preceded BEIR VII (2006) on this topic. Also, many sources report the risk units in “per rem” rather than “per Gy” as is done in the BEIR reports.

28
Q

a patient administered radioactive material is released, what is the dose is okay for the caregiver to receive?

A

5mSv

29
Q

what happens to SUV measurement if th epatient weight is incorrectly entered as higher than actual patient weight?

A

SUV is overestimated

30
Q

administered activity must be within what percentage of the prescibed activity?

A

20%

31
Q

what is used as a source in PET QC for uniformity?

A

Germanium-68 or sodium 22

Germanium-68 has a long half life of approximately 280 days and decays to Ga-68 via electron capture

CORE Nukes (19 decks)

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