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MBOD Block 1 - Gilbert > Nucleus, Chromatin Structure & Organelle Genomes - Nishimoto > Flashcards

Nucleus, Chromatin Structure & Organelle Genomes - Nishimoto Flashcards

1
Q

What is unique about mitochondria?

A

They have their own genome

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2
Q

What are two important reasons for chromatin?

A

Condensing DNA

Gene expression

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3
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The DNA-protein complex that makes up chromosomes

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4
Q

How can cytogeneticists take advantage of chromosome condensing? 2 examples

A

Can separate certain chromosomes by staining them or by using banding patterns

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5
Q

When you see abnormal chromosome, what should you be thinking?

A

Inherited genetic defects

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6
Q

Does replication & segregation occur at once?

A

No, in stages (think cell division)

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7
Q

3 DNA sequence elements needed to make a replicating chromosome

A

Telomere - end
Replication origin
Centromere - spindle attachment

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8
Q

What relative to chromosomes is present in a somatic cell?

A

Two homologous copies of chromosomes

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9
Q

What is a histone?

A

Protein that helps organize DNA in chromatin

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10
Q

Condensed chromatin

Decondensed chromatin

A

peripheral heterochromatin

euchromatin - form that is actively transcribed

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11
Q

Chromatin structure: interphase vs. mitotic

A

interphase - not condensed

mitotic - condensed, ready to split

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12
Q

Chromatin structure

A

DNA tightly wrapped around histone protein
protein:DNA :: 2:1
Highly conserved in eukaryotes
Reversibly packed

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13
Q

What is wrong with XX chromosomes?

What is X chromosome inactivation?

A

Not compatible with life

X chromosome is inactivated either in mom or pop chromosome, depending on cell

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14
Q

What is the instance at which a gene is expressed?

A

When chromosome regions puff to less condensed chromatin

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15
Q

Is chromatin rigid?

A

No, fluid and dynamic allowing for gene expression (whether they’re needed or not) and condensation

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16
Q

What are chromatin remodeling complexes?

A

Proteins that bind to nucelosomes and alter their structure

17
Q

What dictates expression/silencing of genes? Name some examples

A

Post-translational modifications of histones

Acetylation
Phosphorylation
Glycosylation
Methylation

18
Q

Describe what core histone tails can do

A

They can extend and interact with other nucleosome

19
Q

MITOCHONDRIAL PROTEINS: Where are most of them encoded?

A

In the nucleus and must be transported to the mitochondria

20
Q

How are mitochondrial genomes inherited in humans?

A

Maternally

21
Q

Would all inherited traits from mitochondria come from mom?

A

No, most proteins are encoded in nucleus. Mitochondrial proteins are produced by 2 separate genetic systems

MBOD Block 1 - Gilbert (13 decks)

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