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Histology > Nucleus > Flashcards

Nucleus Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the nucleus

A

1- Controls all the function of the cell
2- storing of the genetic material
3- determine the type and the function of the cell
4- formation if RNA
5- play an important role in heredity

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2
Q

Staining of the nucleus

A

Has basophilic structure it can be stained by hematoxylin its color is blue .

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3
Q

Nucleus position

A

Central , peripheral , basal , eccentric

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4
Q

Size of nucleus

A

Small , medium , large ,

“ its very in size “

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5
Q

Shape of nucleus

A

Rounded , oval , flattened , elongated , rod shaped , bilobed , kidney shaped , segmented
“ vary in shape “

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6
Q

Number of nucleus

A
  • Usually there is one nucleus in each cell
  • tow nucleus may be present in liver cells or transitional epithelium
  • more then two nucleus are present in osteoblasts cells of bone or skeletal muscle cells
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7
Q

Location of nucleus

A

Present in all mammalian cells except red blood corpuscles

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8
Q

Structure of nucleus from outside to inside

A
  • nuclear membrane / envelope
  • nuclear sap / karyolymph
  • nucleolus
  • chromatin — euchromatin — heterochromatin
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9
Q

What is the nuclear membrane

A
  • It is a membrane that surround the nucleus

- this membrane disappear during cell division

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10
Q

Nuclear membrane under L.M.

A

Appear as basophilic single line .

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11
Q

Nuclear membrane under E.M.

A
  • Two thin membranes separated by a perinuclear space
  • inner nuclear membrane
  • outer nuclear membrane
  • nuclear pores
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12
Q

Inner nuclear membrane contains ?

A

It has a chromatin granules on the inner space

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13
Q

Outer nuclear membrane contains ?

A

It has ribosomes on the outer surface

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14
Q

What is the nuclear pore ?

A

It is a canal between inner and outer membrane in order to form diaphragm

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15
Q

Function of diaphragm

A
  • regulate the exchange process of metabolites and molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm
  • regulate the passage of RNA from inside to outside the nucleus
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16
Q

Definition of chromatin

A

Are particles and thread which form the chromosomes during cell division

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17
Q

Structure of chromatin

A

It is composed of DNA and Histone

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18
Q

Chromatin under L.M.

A

Appear as coarse and fine basophilic granules

19
Q

Types of chromatin

A

1- Euchromatin / extended chromatin / active chromatin

2- heterochromatin / condensed chromatin / inactive chromatin

20
Q

Function of chromatin

A

1- guide the protein synthesis inside the cell
2- stores the genetic information
— which are transmitted through successive generation
— this done through duplication of DNA
— before the starting of cell division
3- m RNA , t RNA , r RNA , are synthesized from DNA which located in chromatin .

21
Q

Structure of DNA “ deoxy ribonucleic acid “

A
  • Has a double helix chain
  • each chain is formed of phosphate and sugar ( deoxyribose ) groups
  • the double helix chain are linked transversally by a base ( nitrogenous base )
  • this base extend laterally from each sugar group
22
Q

There is four types of nitrogenous bases in the DNA molecule which are ?

A

1- adenine (A)
2- thymine (T)
3- guanine (G)
4- cytosine (C)

23
Q

Function of DNA

A

The main function of DNA is the transferring of “genes” ( genetic information ) by two processes .
1- replication of DNA , which form more DNA
2- transcription of DNA , which form three types of RNA , rRNA , tRNA , mRNA .

24
Q

Location of DNA

A

Present in nucleus and mitochondria

25
Q

Staining of DNA

A

DNA takes blue color with methyl-green pyronin stain

26
Q

Structure of RNA

A
  • each RNA is formed of single stand of helix , however some RNAs have double helix .
  • each RNA stand contain ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose sugar
27
Q

Location of RNA

A

Present in nucleus and cytoplasm

28
Q

Staining of RNA

A

With methyl - green pyronin RNA takes red color .

29
Q

Formation of ribosomal RNA

A

Formed in nucleus from a loop of DNA called nuclear organizer

30
Q

The pathway of Ribosomal RNA

A

The newly formed ribosomal RNA molecules are transported to the cytoplasm

31
Q

The Function of ribosomal RNA

A

They serve as essential sites for protein synthesis ( factories of protein formation )

32
Q

Formation of messenger RNA

A

The information codes for protein synthesis are present on the DNA molecule as a series of units , from this DNA molecule , messenger RNA is formed carrying the information codes of protein synthesis .

33
Q

The pathway of Messenger RNA

A

The newly formed messenger RNA is then transported to the cytoplasm carrying with it the information which controls the process of protein synthesis at the sites of cytoplasmic ribosomes

34
Q

Formation of transfer RNA

A

The formation of t RNA occurs inside the nucleus from a special type of DNA molecule

35
Q

The pathway of t RNA

A

To the cytoplasm

36
Q

Function of t RNA

A
  • they play an important role in the process of protein synthesis
  • there are a different forms of t RNA which transfer specific amino acids from the cytoplasm to their specific position in polypeptide chains
  • the amino acids in this process are have been activated by special enzymes
  • the polypeptide chains are manufactured in the ribosomal RNA
37
Q

Nucleolus under L.M

A

appears as a dark basophilic mass

38
Q

Nucleolus under E.M

A

Formed of an irregular spongy mass not limited by a membrane , it shows light and dark areas .

39
Q

Function of nucleolus

A
  • It forms r RNA which pass through the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm ,
  • the r RNA considered as factories for protein synthesis
40
Q

Structure of nucleolus

A

It is formed mainly of protein , RNA and DNA , also contains certain enzymes as acid phosphatase and RNA methylase .

41
Q

Appearance of nucleolus

A

Disappears during cell division , reappears in the new daughter cells

42
Q

Nucleolus staining

A

It is basophilic because it is rich in RNA

43
Q

Shape of nucleolus

A

It is rounded in shape surrounded by chromatin material .

Histology (5 decks)

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