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Histology > Membranous Organelles > Flashcards

Membranous Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Its a complex structure , it is formed of three components ? What is it , and give the components ?

A
  • It is the cytoplasm
  • cytoplasmic matrix or cell sap
  • cytoplasmic organelles
    • membranous
    • non membranous
    • cell inclusion
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2
Q

Characteristics of Cytoplasmic inclusion or cell inclusion

A

There are accumulation of stored food as glycogen and fat or an accumulation of pigments as carbon and melanin

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3
Q

Characteristics of Non membranous organelles

A
  • Not enclosed in membrane
  • share in formation of cytoskeleton
  • not participate directly in cellular metabolism
  • they are microtubules give the cell its characteristics
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4
Q

Characteristics of membranous organelles

A
  • Present in all nucleated cells
  • permanent components of the cytoplasm
  • contain enzymes that participate in cellular metabolism
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5
Q

characteristics of cytoplasmic matrix or cell sap

A

It is colloidal solution of proteins , amino acids , carbohydrates , minerals , enzymes , small molecules and ions

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6
Q

Main Structure of the cell

A
  • The cytoplasm

- the nucleus

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7
Q

Shape , size and function of the cell

A
  • Rounded , oval , flat , cubical , columnar . Its very in shape
  • small , medium , large . Very in size
  • secretion , excretion , respiration , absorption , conduction , contraction , movement , reproduction , sensation , growth .
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8
Q

It is the living membrane which outermost cover of the cytoplasm

A

Cell membrane or plasma membrane , also called plasmalemma

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9
Q

Function of plasmalemma

A

It regulates the passage of material into and out of cell

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10
Q

The size of plasmalemma

A

Very thin about rages from 80 to 100 angstrom ( 8 nm to 10 nm )

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11
Q

Can plasmalemma be distinguished by L.M ?

A

It cannot be distinguished by L.M because it is very thin

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12
Q

Plasmalemma under E.M

A

It appears as it formed of three layers so it is called Tri-lamellar membrane

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13
Q

Structure of tri-lamellar membrane

A

It is formed of lipids proteins and carbohydrates , all arranged in a special manner in the cell membrane ( tri-lamellar membrane )

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14
Q

The position of lipid and proteins in the structure of plasma membrane

A

The lipid is present in the middle , while proteins presents in outer and inner surfaces.

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15
Q

Structure of lipid molecules in the cell membrane

A
  • It is formed of phospholipids and cholesterol molecules
    • each phospholipid is formed of two parts
    • hydrophilic part ( it forms the head of lipid molecule ) ( it likes water )
    • hydrophobic part ( it forms the tail of lipid molecule ) ( it dislikes water )
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16
Q

The meaning of hydrophilic lipid

A

It has a great affinity for aqueous solutions ( it likes water ) , composed of charged lipid and is called ( polar region ) .

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17
Q

The meaning of hydrophobic lipid

A

It has no affinity for aqueous solution ( it dislikes water ) , composed of non charged lipid and is called ( non polar region )

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18
Q

The position of hydrophobic ends of the lipid

A

The hydrophobic ends are directed inwards , “ they face each other in the central part of the cell membrane “

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19
Q

The position of cholesterol molecule in the cell membrane

A

They are mainly present in the cytoplasmic aspect of the cell membrane , “ the inner surface of the plasmalemma “

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20
Q

Protein molecule present in the cell membrane in two forms , what are they ?

A
  • Extrinsic or peripheral protein

- intrinsic or integral protein

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21
Q

Intrinsic or integral protein present in the cell membrane in two forms , whhat they are ?

A
  • Small integral protein membrane

- large Integral protein membrane

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22
Q

Large I.P.M present in ?

A

Present in the center of the membrane as large globular masses of protein molecules

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23
Q

Small I.P.M embedded in ?

A

Embedded in the lipid bilayer in form of collections of protein molecules .

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24
Q

The position of extrinsic protein

A
  • Are loosely bounded to both surfaces of the cell membrane

- it forms a non-continuous layer outside the lipid bilayer

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25
Q

The function of “ cell receptor “ or “ carbohydrates “ in the cell membrane .

A

It control the entrance of hormones , drugs , viruses and bacteria into the cell .

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26
Q

When the carbohydrates link to protein forms ?

A

Glycoprotein

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27
Q

When the carbohydrates link to lipid forms ?

A

Glycolipid

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28
Q

Glycoproteins and glycolopid both forming ?

A
  • The cell coat ( covers the out side surface if the cell membrane )
  • also called GLYCOCALYX .
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29
Q

The size of GLYCOCALYX

A

It is very thick or very thin

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30
Q

The position of carbohydrates in the cell membrane ?

A

Bounded to the outer surface of the cell membrane

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31
Q

Contents of mitochondria

A
  • Mitochondria matrix
    • DNA
    • RNA
    • Respiratory enzymes
    • calcium and magnesium ions
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32
Q

Function of mitochondria

A
  • the main function
    • respiratory metabolism
    • supply energy to all cellular activities
    • energy produced can be used by the cell to generate ATP which is high energy producing source from ADP .
  • the respiratory enzymes are responsible for all oxidative phosphorylation processes inside the cell ( ATP —> ADP )
  • storing of calcium and magnesium ions as dark granules in the mitochondria matrix
  • the calcium and magnesium ions are important to catalyze the enzymatic reaction of the mitochondria
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33
Q

Location of mitochondria

A

Present in all nucleated cells

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34
Q

Mitochondria under L.M

A

They appear as roads , granules or filaments

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35
Q

The factors that affect the shape and position of mitochondria

A

The changes of temperature , pH and osmotic pressure .

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36
Q

Mitochondria under E.M

A
  • Appears as a vesicle surrounded by two membranes

- - it is bounded by 2 membranes outer and inner .

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37
Q

The mitochondria distribution number under E.M

A

Is different from one cell to another , about 1000 mitochondria may be present in one liver cell

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38
Q

Contents of golgi complex

A
  • Rich in sulfate transferase enzyme

- Rich in sugar transferase enzyme

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39
Q

Position of Golgi complex in nerve and liver cells

A

It surrounds the nucleus

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40
Q

Position of Golgi complex in secretory cells

A

Present between nucleus and extends in the free border of the cell , for example , secretory cells of the epididymis .

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41
Q

Staining of Golgi complex

A
  • It cannot be stained with hematoxylin and elusin
  • it can be stained with silver stain
  • color is brown
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42
Q

Golgi complex under L.M

A

Appears as fibrillar or granular network which may surround nucleus , or above , or under .

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43
Q

Golgi complex shape and structure

A
  • It is formed of flat or rounded membranous vesicles
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44
Q

Golgi complex under E.M

A

1 - flattened vesicle or golgi saccule “ sacs “
- flat saccule “ sac “ filled with protein
- arranged one above the other forming stacks
- each stack has a concave mature surface and convex immature surface
- in this flat vesicles golgi complex performs its function
2 - transfer or micro vesicles
- small membranous rounded vesicles filled with protein
- comes from or originate from the RER
- they fuse with golgi saccule or flat vesicles of golgi complex to be transformed into secretory product called secretory vesicles .

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45
Q

Function of Golgi complex

A
  • The main function :
    • It is responsible for concentrating ,accumulating and packaging of the secretory product of the cell
      • adds sulfate to certain secretory products by sulfotransferase enzyme
      • adds carbohydrates components to certain secretory products by sugar transferase enzyme
    • polysaccharides synthesizing , specially glycogen .
      • coupling of polysaccharide and protein to form glycoprotein .
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46
Q

Enzymatic contents of lysosomes

A
  • Contains hydrolytic enzymes as : protease , nuclease , lipase , glycosides and acid phosphatase enzymes
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47
Q

Function of hydrolytic enzymes

A
  • its main function : intra cytoplasmic digestion of nutritive and foreign substances
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48
Q

Formation of lysosomes GERL process

A

Step one
- The hydrolytic enzymes has protein nature so they are synthesized in the RER
Step two
- the enzymes migrate to Golgi complex as transfer vesicles
Step three
- in Golgi complex the enzymes are collected , concentrated and enveloped to by “ lysosome “
Step four
- lysosomes are budded off from Golgi complex into cytoplasm , and now are called “ primary lysosomes “

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49
Q

Formation of secondary lysosomes

A
  • Th secondary lysosomes appears when “ primary lysosomes fuse with cytoplasmic foreign bodies ( phagosome or pinocytotic vesicle or old cell organelles ) “
  • other type of secondary lysosomes called multivesicular bodies ( primary lysosome fused with pinocytotic vesicle )
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50
Q

Fate of lysosomes

A
  • if they are not fused with any cytoplasmic foreign bodies or nutritive elements , called “ Primary lysosomes “.
  • if they are fused with any foreign body , called “ Secondary lysosomes “
  • after the digestion of the contents and diffusion of their material to the cytoplasm the remaining vacuole is called “ Residual body “
  • this residual body its going to be expelled outside the cell by “ Exocytosis “
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51
Q

Lysosomes under fluorescent microscope ( L. M )

A

Appear as black granules

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52
Q

Number of lysosomes

A

Very in number according to the function of each cell

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53
Q

Primary lysosomes under E.L

A

Appear as homogeneous rounded vesicle , surrounded by a single smooth membrane formed of lipoprotein ( lipid + protein ) molecule

54
Q

Secondary lysosomes under E. L

A

Appears as heterogeneous rounded bodies

55
Q

Function of lysosomes

A
  • Defend the body against invading organisms as bacteria viruses
    • in leucocytes destroy the phagocytosed bacteria and viruses
  • facilitate the process of penetration of sperm to ovum during fertilization
  • they hydrolyse ( eat or digest ) the protein which is re absorbed by the cells of the kidney tubules preventing escape of protein in urine
56
Q

Function of primary lysosomes

A

Perform digestive function

57
Q

Function of S.E.R

A
  • Detoxification of excess drugs or hormones which may accumulate in the body
  • they play a role in muscular contraction , through the process of calcium pump
  • regulating of mineral metabolism , they play a role in formation of HCL
  • synthesis of glycogen , in liver cells .
  • synthesis lipid , in endocrine and liver cells “ they form steroid hormones , lipid and lipoprotein .
58
Q

S.E.R under E.L

A

It appears as anastomosing tubules with smooth wall , there are no ribosomes on their outer surface .

59
Q

S.E.R under L.M

A

It cannot be stained with basic stain so we cannot see it under light microscope.

60
Q

Location of S.E.R

A

Present in great amounts in cells which synthesize lipids , lipoprotein , cholesterol , glycogen and steroid hormones as liver cells and endocrine cells .

61
Q

Position of S.E.R

A

It extends between the nucleus and cell membrane

62
Q

Function of R.E.R

A
  • Synthesis and segregation of protein ( ribosomes synthesis protein from amino acids ) protein with hormonal nature or protein with enzymatic nature .
  • storage of the formed protein
  • packaging of the formed protein , separate the ( enzymatic protein ) from ( hormonal protein ) .
  • delivery of packaging protein as transfer vesicles to fuse with Golgi complex .
  • also protects the cytoplasm from the formed hydrolytic enzymes ( these enzymes are enclosed in membrane which are formed by R.E.R )
63
Q

Staining of R.E.R

A

Basophilic in stain it can be stained with hematoxylin and elusin , due to presence of ribosome’s ( r RNA ) on their outer surface

64
Q

R.E.R under E.M

A

Tubules of rough endoplasmic reticulum om are covered by single membrane

65
Q

Location of R.E.R

A

It is present in greater amounts in protein forming/synthesis cells as :

  • fibroblast cells
  • pancreatic cells
  • liver cells
  • osteoblast cells
  • plasma cells
66
Q

Position of R.E.R

A

Present in the whole cytoplasm between the nucleus and the cell membrane

67
Q

Its a complex structure , it is formed of three components ? What is it , and give the components ?

A
  • It is the cytoplasm
  • cytoplasmic matrix or cell sap
  • cytoplasmic organelles
    • membranous
    • non membranous
    • cell inclusion
68
Q

Characteristics of Cytoplasmic inclusion or cell inclusion

A

There are accumulation of stored food as glycogen and fat or an accumulation of pigments as carbon and melanin

69
Q

Characteristics of Non membranous organelles

A
  • Not enclosed in membrane
  • share in formation of cytoskeleton
  • not participate directly in cellular metabolism
  • they are microtubules give the cell its characteristics
70
Q

Characteristics of membranous organelles

A
  • Present in all nucleated cells
  • permanent components of the cytoplasm
  • contain enzymes that participate in cellular metabolism
71
Q

characteristics of cytoplasmic matrix or cell sap

A

It is colloidal solution of proteins , amino acids , carbohydrates , minerals , enzymes , small molecules and ions

72
Q

Main Structure of the cell

A
  • The cytoplasm

- the nucleus

73
Q

Shape , size and function of the cell

A
  • Rounded , oval , flat , cubical , columnar . Its very in shape
  • small , medium , large . Very in size
  • secretion , excretion , respiration , absorption , conduction , contraction , movement , reproduction , sensation , growth .
74
Q

It is the living membrane which outermost cover of the cytoplasm

A

Cell membrane or plasma membrane , also called plasmalemma

75
Q

Function of plasmalemma

A

It regulates the passage of material into and out of cell

76
Q

The size of plasmalemma

A

Very thin about rages from 80 to 100 angstrom ( 8 nm to 10 nm )

77
Q

Can plasmalemma be distinguished by L.M ?

A

It cannot be distinguished by L.M because it is very thin

78
Q

Plasmalemma under E.M

A

It appears as it formed of three layers so it is called Tri-lamellar membrane

79
Q

Structure of tri-lamellar membrane

A

It is formed of lipids proteins and carbohydrates , all arranged in a special manner in the cell membrane ( tri-lamellar membrane )

80
Q

The position of lipid and proteins in the structure of plasma membrane

A

The lipid is present in the middle , while proteins presents in outer and inner surfaces.

81
Q

Structure of lipid molecules in the cell membrane

A
  • It is formed of phospholipids and cholesterol molecules
    • each phospholipid is formed of two parts
    • hydrophilic part ( it forms the head of lipid molecule ) ( it likes water )
    • hydrophobic part ( it forms the tail of lipid molecule ) ( it dislikes water )
82
Q

The meaning of hydrophilic lipid

A

It has a great affinity for aqueous solutions ( it likes water ) , composed of charged lipid and is called ( polar region ) .

83
Q

The meaning of hydrophobic lipid

A

It has no affinity for aqueous solution ( it dislikes water ) , composed of non charged lipid and is called ( non polar region )

84
Q

The position of hydrophobic ends of the lipid

A

The hydrophobic ends are directed inwards , “ they face each other in the central part of the cell membrane “

85
Q

The position of cholesterol molecule in the cell membrane

A

They are mainly present in the cytoplasmic aspect of the cell membrane , “ the inner surface of the plasmalemma “

86
Q

Protein molecule present in the cell membrane in two forms , what are they ?

A
  • Extrinsic or peripheral protein

- intrinsic or integral protein

87
Q

Intrinsic or integral protein present in the cell membrane in two forms , whhat they are ?

A
  • Small integral protein membrane

- large Integral protein membrane

88
Q

Large I.P.M present in ?

A

Present in the center of the membrane as large globular masses of protein molecules

89
Q

Small I.P.M embedded in ?

A

Embedded in the lipid bilayer in form of collections of protein molecules .

90
Q

The position of extrinsic protein

A
  • Are loosely bounded to both surfaces of the cell membrane

- it forms a non-continuous layer outside the lipid bilayer

91
Q

The function of “ cell receptor “ or “ carbohydrates “ in the cell membrane .

A

It control the entrance of hormones , drugs , viruses and bacteria into the cell .

92
Q

When the carbohydrates link to protein forms ?

A

Glycoprotein

93
Q

When the carbohydrates link to lipid forms ?

A

Glycolipid

94
Q

Glycoproteins and glycolopid both forming ?

A
  • The cell coat ( covers the out side surface if the cell membrane )
  • also called GLYCOCALYX .
95
Q

The size of GLYCOCALYX

A

It is very thick or very thin

96
Q

The position of carbohydrates in the cell membrane ?

A

Bounded to the outer surface of the cell membrane

97
Q

Contents of mitochondria

A
  • Mitochondria matrix
    • DNA
    • RNA
    • Respiratory enzymes
    • calcium and magnesium ions
98
Q

Function of mitochondria

A
  • the main function
    • respiratory metabolism
    • supply energy to all cellular activities
    • energy produced can be used by the cell to generate ATP which is high energy producing source from ADP .
  • the respiratory enzymes are responsible for all oxidative phosphorylation processes inside the cell ( ATP —> ADP )
  • storing of calcium and magnesium ions as dark granules in the mitochondria matrix
  • the calcium and magnesium ions are important to catalyze the enzymatic reaction of the mitochondria
99
Q

Location of mitochondria

A

Present in all nucleated cells

100
Q

Mitochondria under L.M

A

They appear as roads , granules or filaments

101
Q

The factors that affect the shape and position of mitochondria

A

The changes of temperature , pH and osmotic pressure .

102
Q

Mitochondria under E.M

A
  • Appears as a vesicle surrounded by two membranes

- - it is bounded by 2 membranes outer and inner .

103
Q

The mitochondria distribution number under E.M

A

Is different from one cell to another , about 1000 mitochondria may be present in one liver cell

104
Q

Contents of golgi complex

A
  • Rich in sulfate transferase enzyme

- Rich in sugar transferase enzyme

105
Q

Position of Golgi complex in nerve and liver cells

A

It surrounds the nucleus

106
Q

Position of Golgi complex in secretory cells

A

Present between nucleus and extends in the free border of the cell , for example , secretory cells of the epididymis .

107
Q

Staining of Golgi complex

A
  • It cannot be stained with hematoxylin and elusin
  • it can be stained with silver stain
  • color is brown
108
Q

Golgi complex under L.M

A

Appears as fibrillar or granular network which may surround nucleus , or above , or under .

109
Q

Golgi complex shape and structure

A
  • It is formed of flat or rounded membranous vesicles
110
Q

Golgi complex under E.M

A

1 - flattened vesicle or golgi saccule “ sacs “
- flat saccule “ sac “ filled with protein
- arranged one above the other forming stacks
- each stack has a concave mature surface and convex immature surface
- in this flat vesicles golgi complex performs its function
2 - transfer or micro vesicles
- small membranous rounded vesicles filled with protein
- comes from or originate from the RER
- they fuse with golgi saccule or flat vesicles of golgi complex to be transformed into secretory product called secretory vesicles .

111
Q

Function of Golgi complex

A
  • The main function :
    • It is responsible for concentrating ,accumulating and packaging of the secretory product of the cell
      • adds sulfate to certain secretory products by sulfotransferase enzyme
      • adds carbohydrates components to certain secretory products by sugar transferase enzyme
    • polysaccharides synthesizing , specially glycogen .
      • coupling of polysaccharide and protein to form glycoprotein .
112
Q

Enzymatic contents of lysosomes

A
  • Contains hydrolytic enzymes as : protease , nuclease , lipase , glycosides and acid phosphatase enzymes
113
Q

Function of hydrolytic enzymes

A
  • its main function : intra cytoplasmic digestion of nutritive and foreign substances
114
Q

Formation of lysosomes GERL process

A

Step one
- The hydrolytic enzymes has protein nature so they are synthesized in the RER
Step two
- the enzymes migrate to Golgi complex as transfer vesicles
Step three
- in Golgi complex the enzymes are collected , concentrated and enveloped to by “ lysosome “
Step four
- lysosomes are budded off from Golgi complex into cytoplasm , and now are called “ primary lysosomes “

115
Q

Formation of secondary lysosomes

A
  • Th secondary lysosomes appears when “ primary lysosomes fuse with cytoplasmic foreign bodies ( phagosome or pinocytotic vesicle or old cell organelles ) “
  • other type of secondary lysosomes called multivesicular bodies ( primary lysosome fused with pinocytotic vesicle )
116
Q

Fate of lysosomes

A
  • if they are not fused with any cytoplasmic foreign bodies or nutritive elements , called “ Primary lysosomes “.
  • if they are fused with any foreign body , called “ Secondary lysosomes “
  • after the digestion of the contents and diffusion of their material to the cytoplasm the remaining vacuole is called “ Residual body “
  • this residual body its going to be expelled outside the cell by “ Exocytosis “
117
Q

Lysosomes under fluorescent microscope ( L. M )

A

Appear as black granules

118
Q

Number of lysosomes

A

Very in number according to the function of each cell

119
Q

Primary lysosomes under E.L

A

Appear as homogeneous rounded vesicle , surrounded by a single smooth membrane formed of lipoprotein ( lipid + protein ) molecule

120
Q

Secondary lysosomes under E. L

A

Appears as heterogeneous rounded bodies

121
Q

Function of lysosomes

A
  • Defend the body against invading organisms as bacteria viruses
    • in leucocytes destroy the phagocytosed bacteria and viruses
  • facilitate the process of penetration of sperm to ovum during fertilization
  • they hydrolyse ( eat or digest ) the protein which is re absorbed by the cells of the kidney tubules preventing escape of protein in urine
122
Q

Function of primary lysosomes

A

Perform digestive function

123
Q

Function of S.E.R

A
  • Detoxification of excess drugs or hormones which may accumulate in the body
  • they play a role in muscular contraction , through the process of calcium pump
  • regulating of mineral metabolism , they play a role in formation of HCL
  • synthesis of glycogen , in liver cells .
  • synthesis lipid , in endocrine and liver cells “ they form steroid hormones , lipid and lipoprotein .
124
Q

S.E.R under E.L

A

It appears as anastomosing tubules with smooth wall , there are no ribosomes on their outer surface .

125
Q

S.E.R under L.M

A

It cannot be stained with basic stain so we cannot see it under light microscope.

126
Q

Location of S.E.R

A

Present in great amounts in cells which synthesize lipids , lipoprotein , cholesterol , glycogen and steroid hormones as liver cells and endocrine cells .

127
Q

Position of S.E.R

A

It extends between the nucleus and cell membrane

128
Q

Function of R.E.R

A
  • Synthesis and segregation of protein ( ribosomes synthesis protein from amino acids ) protein with hormonal nature or protein with enzymatic nature .
  • storage of the formed protein
  • packaging of the formed protein , separate the ( enzymatic protein ) from ( hormonal protein ) .
  • delivery of packaging protein as transfer vesicles to fuse with Golgi complex .
  • also protects the cytoplasm from the formed hydrolytic enzymes ( these enzymes are enclosed in membrane which are formed by R.E.R )
129
Q

Staining of R.E.R

A

Basophilic in stain it can be stained with hematoxylin and elusin , due to presence of ribosome’s ( r RNA ) on their outer surface

130
Q

R.E.R under E.M

A

Tubules of rough endoplasmic reticulum om are covered by single membrane

131
Q

Location of R.E.R

A

It is present in greater amounts in protein forming/synthesis cells as :

  • fibroblast cells
  • pancreatic cells
  • liver cells
  • osteoblast cells
  • plasma cells
132
Q

Position of R.E.R

A

Present in the whole cytoplasm between the nucleus and the cell membrane

Histology (5 decks)

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