Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, and Heredity Flashcards

1
Q

From the end of the 19th century, biologists suspected that the transmission of hereditary information took place in the nucleus

A

chromosomes

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2
Q

Chemical analysis of nuclei showed chromosomes are made up largely of proteins called

A

histones and nucleic acids.

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3
Q

By the 1940s, it became clear that (Blank) carry the hereditary information

A

deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)

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4
Q

two kinds of nucleic acids in cells

A

Ribonucleic acids (RNA) & Deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA)

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5
Q

is composed of:
A base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate

A

nucleotides

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6
Q

A compound that consists of D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-ribose bonded to a purine or pyrimidine base by a -N-glycosidic bond.

A

Nucleoside

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7
Q

A nucleoside in which a molecule of phosphoric acid is esterified with an –OH of the monosaccharide, most commonly either at the 3’or the 5’–OH.

A

Nucleotide

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8
Q

serves as a common currency into which energy gained from food is converted and stored.

A

Adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP)

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9
Q

is the sequence of nucleotides, beginning with the nucleotide that has the free 5’ terminus.
( strand read from the 5’end to the 3’end)

A

primary structure

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10
Q

The ordered arrangement of nucleic acid strands.

A

Secondary structure

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11
Q

A type of 2° structure of DNA in which two polynucleotide strands are coiled around each other in a screw-like fashion.
- structure was proposed by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953.

A

Double helix

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12
Q

pair by forming two hydrogen bonds.

A

Adenine and Thymine

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13
Q

pair by forming three hydrogen bonds

A

Guanine and Cytosine

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14
Q

DNA is coiled around proteins

A

histones.

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15
Q

A core of eight histone molecules around which the DNA helix is wrapped.

A

Nucleosome

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16
Q

Chromatin fibers are organized into loops, and the loops into the bands that provide the superstructure of __________.

A

chromosomes.

17
Q

Transport amino acids to site of protein synthesis.

A

tRNA

18
Q

Combines with proteins to form ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis.

A

rRNA

19
Q

Directs amino acids sequence of proteins.

A

mRNA

20
Q

process initials mRNA to its mature from in eukaryotes

A

snRNA (Small nuclear RNA)

21
Q

Affects gene expression; important product in growth and development

A

miRNA ( Micro RNA)

22
Q

The sequence of bases in DNA is recorded as sequence of complementary bases in a single-stranded mRNA molecule.

A

Transcription

23
Q

Three base codons on the mRNA corresponding to specific amino acids direct to the sequence of building a protein. Theses codons are recognized by tRNA carrying the appropriate amino acid.

A

Transcription

24
Q

A segment of DNA that carries a base sequence that directs the synthesis of a particular protein, tRNA, or mRNA.

A

Gene

25
Q

A section of DNA that, when transcribed, codes for a protein or RNA.

A

Exon

26
Q

A section of DNA that does not code for anything functional.

A

Introns

27
Q

The process that reproduces itself. It supplies the information necessary to make all the RNA and proteins in the body, including enzymes.

A

Replication

28
Q

Replication begins at a point in the DNA called the origin of replication or a ________.

A

Replication Fork

29
Q

This reaction eliminates some of the positive charges on histones and weakens the strength of the DNA-histone interaction.

A

acetylation-deacetylation of lysine residues on histones.

30
Q
A
31
Q

temporarily introduce either single- or double-strand breaks in DNA.

A

Topoisomerases (also called gyrases)

32
Q

Special unwinding proteins.
-attach themselves to one DNA strand and cause the separation of the double helix.

A

Helicases

33
Q

are short—4 to 15 nucleotides long—RNA oligonucleotides synthesized from ribonucleoside triphosphates

A

Primers/Primases

34
Q

the DNA nucleotides must be lined up. In the absence of DNA polymerases, this alignment is extremely slow. The enzyme enables complementary base pairing with high specificity. While bases are being hydrogen bonded to their partners, polymerases join the nucleotide backbones.

A

DNA Polymerase

35
Q

Along the lagging strand 3’—>5”, the enzymes can synthesize only short fragments, because the only way they can work is from 5’ to 3’.

A

Okazaki fragments

36
Q

The Okazaki fragments and any nicks remaining are eventually joined by DNA ligase.

A

Ligation

37
Q

DNA fragments can be made within a few hours with high precision by a technique called

A

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

38
Q

are polynucleotides consisting of 12 to 16 nucleotides.

A

primers