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Exam technique q's bio module 2 > nucleotides+nucleic acids > Flashcards

nucleotides+nucleic acids Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do protease enzymes do to DNA?

A

Protease enzymes hydrolyse the proteins associated with DNA (the histones).

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2
Q

What bonds hold DNA chains together?

A

DNA chains are held together by phosphodiester bonds in the backbone and by hydrogen bonding between base pairs.

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3
Q

Which bases pair together in DNA?

A

A bonds to T and G bonds to C.

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4
Q

What role does phosphate play in DNA structure?

A

Phosphate is important in DNA structure.

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5
Q

How does detergent assist in DNA extraction?

A

Detergent disrupts the cell surface membrane and the nuclear envelope to help release the contents of the nucleus.

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6
Q

What is the process of DNA precipitation?

A

Salt helps DNA to shed water/precipitate, and protease breaks down the histones. Ethanol is added to precipitate the DNA.

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7
Q

What should be done to plant cells before DNA extraction?

A

The cell walls of plant cells should be broken down by abrasion (i.e: in a blender).

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8
Q

What is the significance of low temperature during DNA extraction?

A

Low temperature should be maintained to reduce DNA breakdown.

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9
Q

What is semi-conservative replication?

A

In semi-conservative replication, the new DNA molecule comprises one parent strand and one new strand.

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10
Q

What enzymes are involved in DNA replication?

A

Enzymes include DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, and gyrase.

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11
Q

What does DNA helicase do?

A

DNA helicase unzips the DNA molecule by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.

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12
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

A

DNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds to join adjacent nucleotides.

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13
Q

What is the role of gyrase in DNA replication?

A

Gyrase unwinds/uncoils the DNA.

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14
Q

What are the components of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleic acids are made up of 20% nitrogen, 30% carbon, 20% oxygen, 10% hydrogen, and 20% phosphate.

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15
Q

In which direction do phosphodiester bonds form during DNA replication?

A

Phosphodiester bonds form in the same direction on each strand.

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16
Q

Why is DNA replication considered semiconservative?

A

One strand is from the original DNA and the other strand is newly formed, acting as a template.

17
Q

How does the structure of DNA facilitate replication?

A

DNA is double stranded, each strand can act as a template, and hydrogen bonds easily break and form.

18
Q

What is complementary base pairing?

A

Complementary base pairing allows DNA to be replicated without error, reducing mutations.

19
Q

What are the components of DNA nucleotides?

A

DNA nucleotides consist of deoxyribose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

20
Q

What are the requirements for valid centrifuge results?

A

Use the same concentration, volume, speed, and time for each tube.

21
Q

How does DNA differ between organisms?

A

DNA may differ in nucleotide sequence, proportion of nucleotides, and alleles for genes.

22
Q

Why is the loss of a species with unusual enzymes undesirable?

A

It means those enzymes can’t be applied in the future in useful ways.

23
Q

How do two nucleotide chains bond together?

A

They bond by hydrogen bonds forming between the bases via complementary base pairing.

24
Q

How does DNA structure differ from RNA structure?

A

RNA contains ribose instead of deoxyribose, uracil replaces thymine, and RNA is single stranded.

25
Q

What is the significance of the proportions of bases in DNA?

A

Amounts of C & G are similar in all organisms, suggesting A bonds to T and C bonds to G.

26
Q

Why can’t DNA leave the nucleus?

A

DNA is too big to fit through the pores in the nuclear envelope.

27
Q

Why is RNA shorter than DNA?

A

RNA only contains a copy of one gene, whereas DNA comprises many genes/alleles.

28
Q

What is the role of mRNA?

A

mRNA transfers the complementary DNA copy of the gene out of the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

29
Q

What occurs during DNA replication?

A

The double helix untwists, hydrogen bonds break, and each strand acts as a template for a new molecule.

30
Q

What happens when the sequence of DNA nucleotides changes?

A

It results in a different sequence of amino acids, leading to a different protein structure and function.

Exam technique q's bio module 2 (6 decks)

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