Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Exam technique q's bio module 2 > cell structure > Flashcards

cell structure Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What stains can be used for the nucleus?

A

The nucleus can be stained using acetic orcein, methylene blue, or toluidine blue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do images from confocal microscopes differ from those from electron microscopes?

A

Images from confocal microscopes have lower resolution, can have fluorescent tags, show movement in living cells, and reveal different layers within the sample.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the maximum magnification of a light microscope?

A

The maximum magnification of a light microscope is up to 1500x.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is magnification?

A

Magnification is the number of times larger the image is compared to the object.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is resolution in microscopy?

A

Resolution is the ability to distinguish between two separate points and the level of detail that can be seen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration, producing ATP.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the role of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the transport, production, and processing of lipids and carbohydrates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why can’t organelles be seen with a light microscope?

A

Light microscope resolution is not great enough to allow organelles to be seen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the main components of prokaryotic and plant cell walls?

A

Prokaryotic cell walls are made of peptidoglycan, whereas plant cell walls are made of cellulose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How are bacteria adapted to adhere to gut cells?

A

Bacteria have pilli (extenstion of the plasma membrane) for attachment and glycoproteins in their cell membranes with a specific complmentary shape so thay can bind to receptor on human cells of gut lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Do prokaryotes have contractile vacuoles?

A

No, prokaryotes do not have contractile vacuoles; this feature is found in some single-celled eukaryotes like amoeba.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the resolution and magnification of light microscopes?

A

Light microscopes have a resolution of 50 - 200 nm and a magnification of x1500.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the resolution of transmission electron microscopes (TEM)?

A

TEM have a resolution of 0.05 - 1.0 nm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the differences between plant and animal cells?

A

Plant cells have a permanent vacuole, cellulose cell wall, chloroplasts, starch grains, tonoplast, and plasmodesmata. Animal cells have centrioles and glycogen granules.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells have free naked circular DNA and smaller ribosomes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What distinguishes eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells?

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus, nuclear envelope, nucleolus, membrane-bound organelles, larger ribosomes, and generally larger cell size.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

The cytoskeleton supports the cell, can change its shape, facilitates movement for exocytosis, endocytosis, and moves organelles, RNA, proteins, and chromosomes and hold organelles in place , alllows movment of cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does the cytoskeleton move organelles?

A

The cytoskeleton moves organelles around the cell using microtubules.
(+ cytoskeleton also makes up cilia)

19
Q

What does viral RNA do?

A

Viral RNA carries the code for viral proteins to the host cell ribosomes.

20
Q

What are the steps of polypeptide synthesis?

A
  • transcription and translation.
  • In transcription the DNA transcribed into mRNA and free RNA nucleotides line up by complementary base-pairing to template DNA strand catalysed by RNA polymerase to make a single strand of mRNA.
  • In translation the mRNA moves to the ribosomes and tRNA molecules bind to mRNA, with anticodons binding to codons.
  • A specific amino acid is attached to each tRNA molecule, and as the amino acids bond together they form peptide bonds between them
21
Q

What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • The Golgi apparatus processes proteins from the RER, makes glycoproteins + repackages them into vesicles
  • make lysosomes, replenishes plasma membrane, and is involved in lipid synthesis.
22
Q

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

A

The nuclear envelope has nuclear pores for communication between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

23
Q

What do lysosomes contain and what is their function?

A
  • Lysosomes contain hydrolytic enzymes to break down worn-out organelles, foreign objects, toxins, and pathogens.
  • destroy the cell in apoptosis
24
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur?

A

Ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.

25
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis.

26
Q

Why do mitochondria vary in shape and size?

A

Mitochondria vary in shape and size due to division, different planes of sectioning, and potential artefact formation.

27
Q

What is the process of extracellular protein production and secretion?

A
  • the nucleus contains a gene for the desired protein and is the site of transcription and produces mRNA via transcription.
  • Ribosomes on the RER are the site of protein synthesis (translation). - The protein is then transported in a transport vesicle to the Golgi apparatus, which modifies and repackages the protein into a secretory vesicle.
  • The vesicle moves along the cytoskeleton and fuses with the cell surface membrane, so secretion occurs by exocytosis.
28
Q

What are suitable stains for cell nuclei?

A

Suitable stains for cell nuclei include acetic orcein, methylene blue, and toluidine blue.

29
Q

Why do animals store glucose as glycogen?

A

Glycogen is insoluble, compact, highly branched for quick glucose release, and metabolically inactive.

30
Q

What happens when a cell is placed in a medium with lower water potential?

A

Water moves out of the cell by osmosis as it has a higher water potential than the surrounding solution.

31
Q

How do small, non-polar substances enter cells?

A

Small, non-polar substances enter cells by diffusing through the phospholipid bilayer.

32
Q

How do large substances enter cells?

A

Large substances enter cells using transport proteins or by endocytosis.

33
Q

How do polar substances enter cells?

A

Polar substances enter cells through pore/channel proteins or transport proteins, often via active transport.

34
Q

What structures are associated with the cytoskeleton?

A

Flagellum, cilium, microtubules, microfilaments, and undulipodium are associated with the cytoskeleton.

35
Q

What processes rely on the cytoskeleton for movement?

A

Processes include movement of chromosomes in cell division, cytoplasm in cytokinesis, and RNA in protein synthesis.

36
Q

What is the mesosome’s function in prokaryotes?

A

The mesosome is the site of aerobic respiration in prokaryotes.

37
Q

Why do we stain specimens for microscopy?

A

Staining increases contrast, making it easier to see details and recognize different cell types and molecules.

38
Q

What is a limitation of staining dead cells?

A

Dead cells may not take up stains that require active transport.

39
Q

What can scanning electron microscopes show?

A

Scanning electron microscopes allow visualization of the 3D shape of a specimen with great depth of field, focusing on surface features.

40
Q

What can transmission electron microscopes reveal?

A

Transmission electron microscopes allow visualization of shapes and details of small organelles.

41
Q

What can a medium power light microscope not reveal?

A

A medium power light microscope cannot reveal the phospholipid bilayer, ribosomes, Golgi, RER, SER, cytoskeleton, centrioles, lysosomes, or mitochondria.

42
Q

How are vesicles moved between organelles?

A

Vesicles are moved along microtubules in the cytoskeleton, which provide tracks for movement using ATP.

43
Q

How are cilia moved?

A

Cilia are moved by the cytoskeleton.

44
Q

What is a partially permeable membrane?

A

A partially permeable membrane allows free movement of some substances while preventing movement of others.

Exam technique q's bio module 2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions