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Exam technique q's bio module 2 > cell division , diversity + cellular organisation > Flashcards

cell division , diversity + cellular organisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is mitosis used for?

A

Mitosis is used for asexual reproduction, development of the body plan, proliferation of white blood cells, producing gametes from haploid cells, and production of new stem cells.

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2
Q

Which phases are considered interphase?

A

G1, G2, and S are interphase; G0 does not count.

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3
Q

What does the synthesis checkpoint check?

A

The synthesis checkpoint checks that DNA has replicated properly.

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4
Q

What happens to the duration of S-phase with more genetic material?

A

A cell spends longer in S-phase if it has more genetic material to synthesize.

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5
Q

What does it mean if a cell spends all its time in G0?

A

A cell that spends all its time in G0 is not undergoing mitosis, likely because it is specialized or differentiated.

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6
Q

Why are onion tips used to view cells undergoing mitosis?

A

Onion tips are used to view cells undergoing mitosis as they are a site of cell division; the tissue is meristematic and has no chloroplasts.

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7
Q

What occurs during prophase?

A

In prophase, the chromosomes are condensed but not yet organized or at the equator; the nuclear envelope may still be present.

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8
Q

How does metaphase increase genetic variation?

A

Metaphase increases genetic variation through independent assortment as homologous chromosomes line up on the equator, allowing either chromosome to end up in either daughter cell.

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9
Q

What are ethical issues of using embryos for stem cells?

A

Ethical issues include the destruction of the embryo, debate about when life begins, and the embryo’s inability to give consent.

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10
Q

What are ethical issues when using bone marrow for stem cells?

A

Ethical issues include the pain and risk of harvesting bone marrow and the potential for babies to be conceived specifically for transplants.

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11
Q

What processes occur in G1 and G2 of the cell cycle?

A

Processes include growth of the cell, growth of organelles, increase in the number of organelles, and synthesis of proteins.

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12
Q

What happens if genetic information is not checked in S-phase?

A

Mutations may occur, resulting in faulty DNA, so daughter cells will not receive identical genetic information.

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13
Q

How do cells produced via mitosis differ from those produced via meiosis?

A

Cells produced via mitosis are diploid and genetically identical, while meiosis produces haploid cells that are not identical, resulting in 4 cells instead of 2.

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14
Q

What adaptations does a sperm cell have for its function?

A

A sperm cell has a flagellum for movement, haploid DNA for fertilizing the egg, an acrosome for penetrating the egg membrane, and many mitochondria for energy.

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15
Q

What are examples of plant tissues?

A

Examples include xylem, phloem, epidermis, mesophyll, palisade, spongy mesophyll, chlorenchyma, and meristem.

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16
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A tissue is a group of specialized cells of one or more types working together to perform a common function.

17
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

A stem cell is a cell that is not differentiated, capable of mitosis, and able to specialize into other cell types.

18
Q

Why is mitosis important for organisms?

A

Mitosis allows for growth, repair of tissues, asexual reproduction, and maintenance of chromosome number.

19
Q

How many steps does meiosis need compared to mitosis?

A

Meiosis needs twice as many steps as mitosis to halve the chromosome number.

20
Q

How does plant cell division differ from animal cell division?

A

In plant cells, a cell wall forms between new cells, cytokinesis starts from the middle, and there are no centrioles.

21
Q

What occurs during interphase of the cell cycle?

A

During interphase, genetic material is checked, protein synthesis occurs, organelles replicate, ATP is produced, and the cell grows.

22
Q

What are advantages of umbilical cord blood stem cells over bone marrow stem cells?

A

Advantages include greater availability, easier harvesting, earlier stage of development, storage for future therapy, and slightly mismatched cells working well.

23
Q

What is cell signaling?

A

Cell signaling is communication between cells for recognition, coordination, or triggering responses.

24
Q

How do membranes contribute to cell signaling?

A

Membranes release signal molecules, use receptors, and allow entry of some signaling molecules.

25
Q

What is an organ?

A

An organ is a collection of tissues working together to perform a function.

26
Q

How are guard cells adapted to their function?

A

Guard cells have a vacuole for turgidity, unevenly thickened walls to bend, and mitochondria for ATP generation.

27
Q

What happens during budding in yeast?

A

The nucleus divides via mitosis, the cell swells, and one nucleus moves into the bulge, which pinches off as a new cell.

28
Q

What limits the reproductive potential of yeast?

A

Limits include the requirement for space between scars, the yeast cell shape, and potential gene mutations.

29
Q

How are neutrophils specialized for their function?

A

Neutrophils have many lysosomes, microtubules, ribosomes, mitochondria, Golgi, and receptor sites.

30
Q

Why is staining needed to view cells undergoing mitosis?

A

Staining provides contrast to distinguish between different stages of mitosis.

31
Q

What must occur before nuclear division?

A

Genetic material must replicate so that daughter cells are genetically identical.

32
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Homologous chromosomes consist of one maternal and one paternal chromosome carrying different alleles of the same genes.

33
Q

How do multicellular organisms organize cells?

A

Cells differentiate into tissues, tissues form organs, and organs form organ systems that interact.

34
Q

How do stem cells differ from differentiated cells?

A

Stem cells can specialize into various cell types and can still divide.

35
Q

What occurs in the part of the cell cycle that isn’t mitosis?

A

DNA is replicated and checked, cell growth occurs, and cytokinesis splits the cytoplasm.

36
Q

Where are plant and animal stem cells found?

A

Plant stem cells are found in meristematic tissue; animal stem cells are found in bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, and embryonic tissue.

37
Q

How are erythrocytes adapted for their role?

A

Erythrocytes are small, biconcave, contain hemoglobin, lack a nucleus, and are flexible for capillary passage.

38
Q

Why is ethanol considered a primary metabolite of yeast?

A

Ethanol is produced in all growth phases, increases with population, and is a normal metabolic waste product.

Exam technique q's bio module 2 (6 decks)

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