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A LEVEL BIOLOGY > Nucleotides And Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleotides And Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

Monomer from which nucleic acids ,like DNA and RNA are formed

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2
Q

What is the basic structure of a nucleotide

A

Pentose sugar(made of 5 carbons)
A phosphate group
A nitrogenous base

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3
Q

What is a polynucleotide

A

Polymer of nucleotides

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4
Q

How do nucleotides join and what bond do they form

A

Via a condensation reaction between a phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another
and they form a phosphodiester bond

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5
Q

What are the bonds between bases

A

Hydrogen

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6
Q

What is anti parallel orientation

A

Helix’s two strands run in opposite directions

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7
Q

What is complementary base pairing

A

Each base can only join with one particular partner

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8
Q

What bases pair with each-other in DNA

A

Adenine and thymine
Guanine and cytosine

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9
Q

How many hydrogen bonds form between A and T and G and C

A

A and T= 2
G and C =3

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10
Q

Why is the hydrogen bonds being weak so important

A

It allows the DNA to separate so replication and transcription can occur

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11
Q

What does DNA being semi conservative mean

A

One strand from the original polynucleotide and the other is a new complementary strand

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12
Q

What is helicase and what does it do

A

It’s and enzyme
It breaks the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs on the two polynucleotide DNA strands

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13
Q

What is polymerase and
what does it do

A

It’s an enzyme
It forms phosphodiester bonds between the nucleotides

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14
Q

What is the process of DNA replication

A

1) DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between base pairs, unwinding the helix to form two single strands
2) free floating nucleotides form hydrogen bonds with complementary bases
3) condensation reaction join the nucleotides of the new strands together using DNA polymerase

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15
Q

What does it mean when it states a code is degenerate

A

Multiple codons can encode a single amino acid

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16
Q

Is DNA or RNA a nucleic acid

A

Both

17
Q

What are the two categories nitrogenous bases can be categorised into

A

purines and pyrimidines

18
Q

How many carbon rings do purines have and what are the examples

A

Have 2 carbon rings
adenine and guanine

19
Q

How many carbon rings do pyrimidines have and what are the examples

A

Has 1 carbon ring
thymine, uracil and cytosine

20
Q

What are the sugars in RNA and DNA called

A

RNA-ribose (sugar)
DNA- deoxyribose(sugar)
*in exam refer to the type of sugar or you don’t get a mark

21
Q

What is ATP’s structure

A

a pentose sugar (ribose)
a nitrogenous base (always adenine)
three phosphate groups

22
Q

How is ATP made

A

ADP+ Pi –>ATP+ H2O
Made during both types of respiration via a condensation reaction and using the enzyme ATP synthase

23
Q

How does ATP release energy

A

-It is hydrolysed using the enzyme ATP hydrolase
- Breaking one of the Phosphoanhydride bonds between the phosphate group releases a small amount of energy

24
Q

What is phosphorylation

A

when the inorganic phosphate released can bond onto a completely different compound to make them more reactive

25
Q

How does DNA structure relate to its function

A

-stable structure due to the sugar phosphate backbone (covalent bonds) and the double helix
-double stranded so replication can occur using both strands as a template
-weak hydrogen bonds between bases for easy separation of the two strands in a double helix during replication
-complementary base pairing allows identical copies to be made

26
Q

what are the three types of RNA

A

-mRNA
-tRNA
-rRNA

27
Q

What is mRNA

A

a copy of one gene from DNA

28
Q

what is a codon

A

three bases on mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid

29
Q

what does the 5’(prime) end or 3’ (prime) end mean

A

these numbers refer to what which carbon in the deoxyribose sugar is closest to the top/bottom

30
Q

What are the special features of the genetic code

A

degenerate, universal and non overlapping

31
Q

what does the term universal mean

A

the same triplet of bases codes for the same amino acid in all organisms

32
Q

what does the term non overlapping mean

A

each base in a gene is only part of one triplet of bases that codes for one amino acid

33
Q

What happens in transcription

A

mRNA is created from a copy of one gene on DNA

34
Q

What happens in translation

A

where mRNA joins with a ribosome and a corresponding tRNA molecule brings the specific amino acid the codon codes for

35
Q

what is a nucleic acid

A

A nucleic acid is a chain of nucleotides which stores genetic information in biological systems

36
Q

describe the process of transcription

A

1) DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases
2) this causes the DNA helix to unwind and one strand acts as a template
3) Free mRNA nucleotides align opposite exposed complementary
DNA bases
4)The enzyme RNA polymerase joins together the adjacent RNA nucleotides, forming phosphodiester bonds to create a new mRNA polymer chain

37
Q

describe the process of translation

A

1)once the modified mRNA has left the nucleus it attaches to the small subunit of the ribosome at the start codon
2) The tRNA molecule with the complementary anticodon to the start codon aligns opposite the mRNA held in place by the ribosome. The ribosome can hold 2 tRNA molecules at one time.
3) The two amino acid that have been delivered together are joined together via a peptide bond
4)The ribosome will move along the mRNA molecule to the next codon and another complementary tRNA will attach to the next codon
5)This continues until the ribosome reaches the stop codon at the end of the mRNA molecule causing the ribosome to detach and end translation

38
Q

compare DNA transcription and replication

A

Similarities · DNA unwinds and unzips · Helicase enzymes · Template DNA · Complementary base pairing · Hydrogen bonds · Free, activated nucleotides · Polymerase enzymes

Differences · Only a small section of DNA (where the gene is located) unzips during transcription · Both strands act as templates in replication · RNA vs DNA free nucleotides · RNA vs DNA polymerase · Different helicase enzymes · Products are two new daughter strands of DNA in replication and one mRNA strand in transcription · mRNA leaves nucleus whereas the new DNA strand remains bound to the template strand

A LEVEL BIOLOGY (9 decks)

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