Nucleophillic substitution in halogenoalkanes

Question 1

What is a nucelophiles?

Answer 1

reagents that attack and form bonds with positively or partially positively charged carbon atoms

Question 2

What are the properties of a nucleophile?

Answer 2

either negatively charged or has a partially negative charge lone pair of electrons which it can use to form a covalent bond lone pair is situated on an electronegative atom

Question 3

What are some common nucleophiles?s

Answer 3

hydroxide ion ^-:OH

ammonia :NH₃

cyanide ion ^-:CN

Question 4

What is nucleophillic subsitution?

Answer 4

where a nucleophile replaces the halogen in a halogenoalkane

Question 5

What do curly arrows show?

Answer 5

movement of electrons

Question 6

What are the steps for the mechanism? draw it

Answer 6

lone pair on the nucleophile are attracted towards a partially positive carbon atom (curly arrow from lone pair toward the C^δ+)

an arrow goes from the C-X bond to the X atom, making itt a halide ion, the halide ion is called the leaving group

Question 7

What are the conditions needed for halogenoalkanes with aqueous sodium or potassium hydroxide?

Answer 7

warm

ethanol used as a solvent

hydrolysis reaction

nucleophile is the hydroxide ion

Question 8

What are the conditions needed for a halogen to react with cyanide

Answer 8

warm

Question 9

What are the condition needed for halogenoalkanes to react with water?

Answer 9

excess concentrated solution of ammonia in ethanol, carried out under pressure

prduces an amine

Question 10

Why are nucleophillic subsitutions useful?

Answer 10

a way of introducing new functional groups into organic compounds

Question 11

What enables haloalkanes to undergo this reaction

Answer 11

polar C-Br bond