Nucleophilic Substitution Flashcards

1
Q

What are more reactive, haloalkanes or alkanes?

A

Haloalkanes.

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2
Q

Why are haloalkanes more reactive than alkanes?

A

Due to its electronegative halogen.

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3
Q

What kind of bond is a carbon-halogen bond?

A

A polar bond.

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4
Q

Which atom is partially positive on a carbon-halogen bond?

A

Carbon.

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5
Q

Which atom is partially negative on a carbon-halogen bond?

A

The halogen.

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6
Q

Why is a carbon-halogen bond polar?

A

Due to the big difference in electronegativity.

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7
Q

What two reactions do halogens undergo?

A

Nucleophilic substitution, and elimination reactions.

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8
Q

What happens in nucleophilic substitution reactions?

A

A halogen is substituted for another atom (nucleophile).

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9
Q

What are the products of nucleophilic substitution?

A

Alcohol, amines, and nitriles.

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10
Q

What substitutes the halogen in nuclear substitution?

A

The nucleophile.

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11
Q

What are haloalkanes in water?

A

Insoluble.

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12
Q

What solution is used for nucleophilic substitution?

A

An aqueous solution of sodium or potassium hydroxide with ethanol.

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13
Q

Why is ethanol used in the solution for nucleophilic substitution?

A

It’s all allows the organic layer of haloalkane and aqueous layer of sodium or potassium hydroxide to mix and react.

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14
Q

What kind of reaction is nucleophilic substitution?

A

A hydrolysis reaction.

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15
Q

Why is the reaction nucleophilic substitution warmed?

A

The reaction is very slow at room temperature.

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16
Q

What does the rate of the nucleophilic substitution reaction depend on?

A

The halogen present in the haloalkane.

17
Q

What slows the rate of nucleophilic substitution?

A

The stronger the carbon-halogen bond.

18
Q

With what bond is nucleophilic substitution the fastest?

A

Carbon-iodoalkane.

19
Q

What haloalkane doesn’t react?

A

Fluoroalkanes.

20
Q

What are the nucleophiles used in nucleophilic substitution?

A

Hydroxide and water.

21
Q

Why is hydroxide a better nucleophile than water?

A

It carries a full negative charge whereas the oxygen on water carries a partial charge and is a much slower reaction.

22
Q

What is a nucleophile?

A

An electron-rich species that can donate a pair of electrons.

23
Q

What are nucleophiles known as and why?

A

Nucleus loving, as they are attracted to positively charged species.

24
Q

Why do haloalkanes undergo nucleophilic substitution?

A

Due to their carbon-haloalkane bond.