Nucleic Acids --> Chromosomes

Question 1

DNA is (polar/nonpolar)

Answer 1

polar

Question 2

The first demonstration of transformation of a specific genetic trait from one organism to another

Answer 2

The Griffith Experiment

Question 3

Explain the Griffith Experiment

Answer 3

Inject mouse with live encapsulated bacteria (dead)

Inject mouse with heat-killed encapsulated bacteria (live)

Inject mouse with live unencapsulated bacteria (live)

Inject mouse with live unencapsulated and heat-killed encapsulated bacteria (dead)

Live DNA from unencapsulated was passed to heat killed capsulated allowing some to thrive and kill the mouse

Question 4

What do you call the total nuclear chromosomal complement of an organism?

Answer 4

Karyotype

Question 5

Chromosomes are maximally condensed in what phase of replication?

Answer 5

Metaphase

Question 6

Colchicine is used to do what to chromosomes in metaphase?

Answer 6

arrest them so that we can see them in their most condensed form

Question 7

A (large/small) portion of DNA’s job is to produce proteins

Answer 7

small

Question 8

What is the primary structure of DNA?

Answer 8

Nucleosomes

Question 9

What are the components of the histone core?

Answer 9

H2A, H2B, H3 & H4 (2 of each)

Question 10

How many base pairs wrap around an octomer

Answer 10

140bp

Question 11

Histones are composed of what 2 AA

Answer 11

lysine and arginine

Question 12

Histones are (positively/negatively) charged while DNA is (positively/negatively) charged

Answer 12

positively, negatively

Question 13

Name the structures of DNA from least compact to most compact

Answer 13

Double helix -> nucleosome -> Slenoid -> Loop -> Rosette -> Coil

Question 14

What are the 3 specialized regions of chromosomes

Answer 14

Origin of replication (Ori)
Telomeres
Centromeres

Question 15

Specific DNA sequence recognized by proteins required for replication (DNA polymerase)

Answer 15

Origin of replication (ORI)

Question 16

T/F: each eukaryotic chromosome has 1 Ori

Answer 16

FALSE IT HAS SEVERAL THOUSAND

Question 17

Name this structure

• Regions at ends of chromosomes
• have many repetitive sequences which are not replicated during S-phase

Answer 17

Telomeres

Question 18

Telomeres are added onto replicated chromosomes by a specific enzyme known as

Answer 18

telomerase

Question 19

Name the function of telomeres

Answer 19

1. “seal” chromosome ends to prevent fusion
2. attach chromosomes to nuclear envelope
3. facilitate replication

Question 20

What structure becomes visible when sister chromatids join

Answer 20

centromeres

Question 21

Centromeres are classified by (shape/size/structure/location)

Answer 21

Location

Question 22

What do you call a centromere at the center

Answer 22

metacentric

Question 23

What do you call centromeres lightly off center?

Answer 23

submetacentric

Question 24

What do you call centromeres that are near one end?

Answer 24

acrocentric

Question 25

The long arms of chromosomes are the (p/q) and the short arms are (p/q)

Answer 25

Long=q | short=p

Question 26

Which chromosomes condense to form the nucleolus

Answer 26

13, 14, 15, 21, 22

Question 27

The physical template strand of the gene is called

Answer 27

antisense strand

Question 28

The non-template strand of the gene is called

Answer 28

sense or coding strand/sequence

Question 29

___ strand and messenger RNA have the same sequence (except for U & T)

Answer 29

sense

Question 30

The sense strand and mRNA both are _____ to the template strand

Answer 30

complimentary

Question 31

Upstream on a strand is towards the _____ region

Answer 31

promoter

Question 32

Downstream is near the _____ codon

Answer 32

termination

Question 33

DNA runs #' to #'. This is also the direction of transcription

Answer 33

5' to 3'

Question 34

Mutations that cause alpha thalassemia

Answer 34

alpha globin gene