Nucleic acids ATP Water Inorganic ions

Question 1

nucleotide definition

Answer 1

-monomer of nucleic acid
-phosphate group
-nitrogenous base
-pentose sugar

Question 2

DNA definition

Answer 2

-pentose sugar (deoxyribose)
- 4 bases ATCG
-nucleotides link together via condensation reaction to. make a phosphodiester bond from 5’ to 3’ carbons
-2 polynucleic chains are held together via weak hydrogen bonds between specific complementary base paring
-double helical structure

Question 3

Base pairings definition

Answer 3

-exist in roughly same percentages
-A-T has 2 hydrogens
-C-G has 3 hydrogens
-larger purine = A +G
-smaller pyrimidine = C+T

Question 4

RNA definition

Answer 4

-pentose sugar (ribose)
-4 bases AUCG
-short polynucleotide chain which is single stranded
-mRNA used to transfer genetic material to ribosomes

Question 5

DNA structure features and function

Answer 5

-sugar phosphate backbone SO strength and stability
-large SO stores lots of information
-helical SO compact
-base sequence SO information can be stored to code for amino acids and proteins
-double stranded SO conservative replication can occur BECAUSE each strand acts as a template
-weak hydrogen bonds SO easy separation for semi conservative replication

Question 6

semi-conservative replication steps

Answer 6

-DNA helicase attaches and moves along the DNA molecule breaking hydrogen bonds
-two strands separate
-each strand acts as a template for free nucleotides to bind to the exposed bases via specific complementary base pairing
-DNA polymerase joins adjacent nucleotides together via a condensation reaction forming phosphodiester bonds in a 5’ to 3’ direction
-semi conservative because DNA contains an old and new strand and is identical to the original DNA

Question 7

Mehselson-Stahl Experiment

Answer 7

-understand it somehow with no actual AO1

Question 8

ATP

Answer 8

-adenosine triphosphate
-ADP + inorganic phosphate in a condensation reaction by the enzyme ATP synthase

Question 9

uses for ATP

Answer 9

-anabolic reactions (making complex molecules from small ones)
-active transport
-muscle contraction
-cell growth
-phosphorylation of molecules to lower Ea

Question 10

Uses for water

Answer 10

-water as a solvent
-water as a metabolite
-high specific heat capacity
-high latent heat of vaporisation
-strong cohesion

Question 11

water as a solvent

Answer 11

-metabolic reactions occur
-water is a dipole so charged molecules can dissolve in the water

Question 12

water as a metabolite

Answer 12

-for many metabolic reaction
-condensation and hydrolysis reactions

Question 13

water has a high specific heat capacity

Answer 13

-buffering changes in temperature
-high no. H bonds to requires lots of energy to break

Question 14

water has a large latent heat of vaporisation

Answer 14

-providing a cooling effect with little loss of water through evaporation
-requires lots of energy to break the H bonds

Question 15

strong cohesion between water molecules

Answer 15

-supports columns of water in tube like transport cells in plants
-provides surface tension to allow for a habitat for organisms
-water molecules stick together via weak hydrogen bonding

Question 16

Inorganic ions definition

Answer 16

-ions found in solution in the cytoplasm and body fluids of an organism
-each ion has its own role

Question 17

Hydrogen and Hydroxide (H+)(OH-)

Answer 17

-affects pH
-H+ used in photosynthesis to provide energy to make ATP

Question 18

Iron (Fe2+)( Fe3+)

Answer 18

-Structural component of haemoglobin to bind with O2

Question 19

Sodium (Na+)

Answer 19

-used in the co-transport of glucose and amino acids into epithelial cells
-changes the water potential