Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis Flashcards
Translation
process in which the order of bases in mRNA codes for the order of amino acids in a protein
Transcription
Process by which enzymes make an RNA copy of a DNA strand, produces single stranded molecule of RNA
Replication
The process by which DNA is copied, helicase unzips double-helix, then DNA copies itself
DNA Nucleotide
composed of deoxyribose sugar, phosphoric acid group, and nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)
RNA Nucleotide
composed of ribose sugar, phosphoric acid and nitrogen base (adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine)
Four Bases in DNA and RNA
Adenine with Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine
Differences between DNA and RNA
RNA is composed of a single strand of nucleotides, DNA is a double strand
RNA contains ribose, DNA contains deoxyribose
RNA contains uracil, DNA contains thymine
Watson and Crick
They got credit for discovering the double helix structure of DNA
Double Helix
the structure of DNA
Purines
Adenine and Guanine (no Ys!)
Pyrimidines
Thymine and Cytosine (with Ys!)
Hydrogen Bonds
between the nitrogen bases in the double helix structure
Covalent Bonds
hold the phosphate group, nitrogenous bases, and deoxyribose bases together
Messenger RNA
carries information from DNA out into the cytoplasm of the cell to the ribosomes
Transfer RNA
brings amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into proteins, tRNA anticodon pairs with mRNA codon
Ribosomal RNA
the RNA that composes the ribosomes
Codon (64 different types)
A codon is made of a set of three nitrogen bases, representing a specific amino acid, found on/ in mRNA
3 stop codons
Three are signals to STOP polypeptide synthesis
Anticodon
found on/in tRNA, pairs with codon
Point Mutation
error in DNA sequence that changes a single base pair
Frameshift Mutation
error in DNA sequence that adds or deletes a single base, nearly all amino acids following the mutation are changed
Nondisjunction
failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis, resulting in gametes with too few or too many chromosomes
Monosomy
absence of chromosome, gamete with missing chromosome fuses with normal one, most organisms do not survive
Trisomy
presence of extra chromosome, gamete with extra chromosome fuses with normal one, organisms survive into maturity
Downs Syndrome
extra chromosome 21
Triploidy
having a chromosome # that is 3x the haploid #
Chromosomal Mutations: Deletion Insertion Inversion Translocation
Deletions: part of a chromosome is left out
Insertions: part of a chromatid breaks off and attaches to sister chromatid, results in duplication of genes on the same chromosome
Inversions: part of chromosome breaks off and is reinserted backwards
Translocation: part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome
Enzymes (little elves)
catalysts for protein synthesis!
Unzipping
helicase does this in replication
Amino Acids (20)
There are 20 different amino acids
Methionine
Starting protein
Protein
the codon represents a protein