Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis

Question 1

Translation

Answer 1

process in which the order of bases in mRNA codes for the order of amino acids in a protein

Question 2

Transcription

Answer 2

Process by which enzymes make an RNA copy of a DNA strand, produces single stranded molecule of RNA

Question 3

Replication

Answer 3

The process by which DNA is copied, helicase unzips double-helix, then DNA copies itself

Question 4

DNA Nucleotide

Answer 4

composed of deoxyribose sugar, phosphoric acid group, and nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine)

Question 5

RNA Nucleotide

Answer 5

composed of ribose sugar, phosphoric acid and nitrogen base (adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine)

Question 6

Four Bases in DNA and RNA

Answer 6

Adenine with Thymine, Guanine and Cytosine

Question 7

Differences between DNA and RNA

Answer 7

RNA is composed of a single strand of nucleotides, DNA is a double strand
RNA contains ribose, DNA contains deoxyribose
RNA contains uracil, DNA contains thymine

Question 8

Watson and Crick

Answer 8

They got credit for discovering the double helix structure of DNA

Question 9

Double Helix

Answer 9

the structure of DNA

Question 10

Purines

Answer 10

Adenine and Guanine (no Ys!)

Question 11

Pyrimidines

Answer 11

Thymine and Cytosine (with Ys!)

Question 12

Hydrogen Bonds

Answer 12

between the nitrogen bases in the double helix structure

Question 13

Covalent Bonds

Answer 13

hold the phosphate group, nitrogenous bases, and deoxyribose bases together

Question 14

Messenger RNA

Answer 14

carries information from DNA out into the cytoplasm of the cell to the ribosomes

Question 15

Transfer RNA

Answer 15

brings amino acids to the ribosomes to be assembled into proteins, tRNA anticodon pairs with mRNA codon

Question 16

Ribosomal RNA

Answer 16

the RNA that composes the ribosomes

Question 17

Codon (64 different types)

Answer 17

A codon is made of a set of three nitrogen bases, representing a specific amino acid, found on/ in mRNA

Question 18

3 stop codons

Answer 18

Three are signals to STOP polypeptide synthesis

Question 19

Anticodon

Answer 19

found on/in tRNA, pairs with codon

Question 20

Point Mutation

Answer 20

error in DNA sequence that changes a single base pair

Question 21

Frameshift Mutation

Answer 21

error in DNA sequence that adds or deletes a single base, nearly all amino acids following the mutation are changed

Question 22

Nondisjunction

Answer 22

failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis, resulting in gametes with too few or too many chromosomes

Question 23

Monosomy

Answer 23

absence of chromosome, gamete with missing chromosome fuses with normal one, most organisms do not survive

Question 24

Trisomy

Answer 24

presence of extra chromosome, gamete with extra chromosome fuses with normal one, organisms survive into maturity

Question 25

Downs Syndrome

Answer 25

extra chromosome 21

Question 26

Triploidy

Answer 26

having a chromosome # that is 3x the haploid #

Question 27

``` Chromosomal Mutations: Deletion Insertion Inversion Translocation ```

Answer 27

Deletions: part of a chromosome is left out Insertions: part of a chromatid breaks off and attaches to sister chromatid, results in duplication of genes on the same chromosome Inversions: part of chromosome breaks off and is reinserted backwards Translocation: part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different chromosome

Question 28

Enzymes (little elves)

Answer 28

catalysts for protein synthesis!

Question 29

Unzipping

Answer 29

helicase does this in replication

Question 30

Amino Acids (20)

Answer 30

There are 20 different amino acids

Question 31

Methionine

Answer 31

Starting protein

Question 32

Protein

Answer 32

the codon represents a protein