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Biology Freshman Year > Cells, Plasma Membrane, and Mitosis Exam > Flashcards

Cells, Plasma Membrane, and Mitosis Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • Active Transport

* Materials are expelled or secreted by the cell

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2
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • Active Transport

* Large particulates enter the cell

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3
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A
  • Releases water

* Cell shrinkage

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4
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

*Water flowing in and out

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5
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A
  • Water diffusing in

* Cell becoming “hippo”

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6
Q

Cancer

A

Uncontrolled cell division and death caused by the interaction between environmental factors and changes in the production of enzymes involved in the cell cycle

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7
Q

Tumor

A

A mass that forms within otherwise normal tissue, caused by the controlled growth of a transformed cell

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8
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Formation of blood vessels which grow toward a tumor

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9
Q

Metastases

A

The spread of cancer beyond its original site

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10
Q

Benign

A

A tumor that is not able to spread

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11
Q

Malignant

A

A tumor with the ability to spread

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12
Q

Glycerol Base

A

The backbone of a phospholipid

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13
Q

Polar Head

A

attracted to water

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14
Q

Unsaturated vs. saturated fatty acids

A

Saturated-straight

Unsaturated-bent, double bond, more fluid

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15
Q

Phospholipids

A

*Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group

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16
Q

Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water

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17
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A
  • Continuous movement, no overall change in concentration

* Required to maintain homeostasis

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18
Q

Turgor Pressure

A
  • Internal cell pressure
  • Gives shape and support to plants
  • Plant will wilt when it loses turgor pressure
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19
Q

Plasmolysis

A
  • Causes plant to wilt

* Plasma membrane shrinks away from cell wall

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20
Q

Selective permeability

A
  • Only certain substances can pass through the plasma membrane
  • Required to maintain homeostasis
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21
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

Difference in concentration of a substance across space

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22
Q

3 Microscopes

A

SEM and TEM Microscopes are electron microscopes
SEM
3D, up to 60000x zoom, pass over the surface
TEM
2D, hundreds of thousands of times zoom, pass through an object
Compound-Light
Can be used on living organisms, series of lenses, light passed through object through lenses

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23
Q

Active and Passive Transport

A

Active-Requires energy, goes agains concentration gradient

Passive-no energy required

24
Q

Schleiden

A

All organisms are composed of one or more cells. Plants-Schleiden down the hill

25
Q

Schwann

A

The cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms. Schwann-swan <–animals

26
Q

Hooke

A

Examined the cork.
Compound-light microscope
Named “cells”

27
Q

Virchow

A

All cells come from pre-existing cells. Maggots in meat

28
Q

Leeuwenhoek

A

Scraped teeth

29
Q

The Cell Theory (Three Parts)

A

1) All organisms are composed of one or more cells. -Shleiden
2) The cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms. -Schwann
3) All cells come from pre-existing cells. -Virchow

30
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Cells that lack a nucleus or membrane-bound internal organelles

31
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

1) Cells containing a nucleus & membrane bound internal organelles
2) Structure allows for cell specialization.

32
Q

Interphase

A
  • Cell growth period
  • Centrioles replicate
  • Chromosomes copies
33
Q

Prophase

A
  • Longest phase
  • Chromatin–>chromosomes
  • Chromosomes made of sister chromatids<–held together by a centromere
  • Nuclear fizzilage
34
Q

Metaphase

A

Metaphase-middle

Chromosomes attach to spindle

35
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres split
Sister Chromatids split<—now individual chromosomes
Anaphase-apart

36
Q

Telophase

A

Final phase
Two daughter cells formed
Cleavage then new cells for animals
Cell plate which divide for plants

37
Q

The Fluid Mosaic Model

A

Made of phospholipids, which can move
Bilayer is like a fluid
Phosphate group is hydrophylic

38
Q

Contractile Vacuoles

A

Collects excess sater then expels it through the plasma membrane
prevents cells from bursting

39
Q

Vacuoles

A

Sack of fluid surrounded by a membrane

TEMPORARILY stores food, enzymes, and wastes

40
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Organelle that contains chlorophyll
Found in plants
Used for photosynthesis

41
Q

Centrioles

A

Replicate in early interphase
Small, dark cylindrical structures
Made of microtubules, which help separate chromosomes during mitosis

42
Q

Ribosomes

A

Found in pro- and eu-
Not membrane-bound
Involved in protein synthesis
Enzymes are assembled at the ribosomes

43
Q

Rough ER

A

Studded with ribosomes

Contains enzymes for lipid synthesis

44
Q

Smooth ER

A

Have no ribosomes

Contain enzymes for lipid synthesis

45
Q

Mitochondria

A

Food is broken down to release energy

Have cristae<–see flashcard

46
Q

Cristae

A

In mitochondria
Have large surface area
Produce energy-storing molecules

47
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bound
Contain enzymes
Enzymes digest food particulates, viruses, bacteria, worn out cell parts, and sometimes the cell itself
AKA suicide sacs

48
Q

Golgi Bodies

A

UPS of cell
receive, modify, and repackage proteins into forms the cell can use, expel, or store
Proteins are brought in and repackaged in new vesicles

49
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Fluid, clear

Surrounding organelles and nucleus

50
Q

Nucleus

A

control center of the cell
Has a nuclear membrane
Contains DNA<–guides all cell functions

51
Q

Nucleolus

A

Produces ribosomes
Inside nucleus
RNA?

52
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Thin, fibrous elements
Provide support for organelles
Important for movement

53
Q

Cell Wall

A

Plants only!
Firm, but flexible
Support + protection

54
Q

Cilia

A

Short, numerous hair-like projections from the cell membrane

Movement

55
Q

Flagella

A 
Made of microtubules
Long, threadlike
Whip-like motion propels
Only one or two
Located on prokaryotes

Biology Freshman Year (4 decks)

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