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Biology - Biological Molecules > Nucleic Acids and ATP > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids and ATP Flashcards

nucleic acids, ATP and DNA replication

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1
Q

functions of DNA

A

replicate to produce an exact copy before cell division
carry code for protein synthesis

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2
Q

types of RNA

A

mRNA = messenger RNA
tRNA = transfer RNA
rRNA = ribosomal RNA

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3
Q

which RNA is functional RNA?

A

tRNA and rRNA

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4
Q

monomer and polymer of nucleic acids

A

monomer = nucleotide
polymer = polynucleotide

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5
Q

what bond joins nucleotides in a polynucleotide chain?

A

phosphodiester bond

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6
Q

where is DNA found?

A

nucleus of cell

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7
Q

where is RNA found?

A

nucleus and cytoplasm of cell

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8
Q

describe the structure of a general nucleotide

A

a pentose sugar, with a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups attached

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9
Q

three types of nucleotides

A

DNA, RNA and ATP

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10
Q

differences between DNA and RNA structure

A
  • DNA has deoxuribose sugar, while RNA has ribose
  • DNA has nitrogenous bases ATCG while RNA has bases AUCG, with uracil instead or thymine
  • DNA has 2 polynucleotid strands while RNA has 1
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11
Q

purine bases

A

adenine and guanine

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12
Q

feature of purine bases

A

double ring

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13
Q

pyrimidine bases

A

thymine, cytosie and uracil

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14
Q

feature of pyrimidine bases

A

single ring

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15
Q

why does DNA have a 1:1 ratio of purine:pyrimidine bases

A

purine always base pairs with pyrimidine
ensures 2 sugar-phosphate backbones completely parallel to each other, always 3 rings apart

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16
Q

what are the complementary base pairs and the number of H- bonds between them?

A

adenine-thymine (2 bonds)
cytosine-guanine (3 bonds)

17
Q

function of DNA having a coiled structure

A

this protects the H-bonds between strands therefore reducing corruption of the genetic code

18
Q

function of a strong sugar-phosphate backbone

A

gives strength to the DNA molecule

19
Q

function of DNA being a long molecule

A

DNA can store a lot of genetic information (genes)

20
Q

function of the many weak H-bonds in DNA

A

makes DNA a stable molecule

21
Q

function of weak H-bonds holding polynucleotide strands together

A

strands can be separated for transcription and replication

22
Q

function of seuencing of bases in DNA

A

allows information to be stored

23
Q

describe the structure of a DNA molecule

A

a DNA molecule is a double helix structure made up of two polynucleotide strands each with a strong sugar-phosphate backbone made up of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds. these strands are joined by weak hydrogen bonds which form between complementary base pairs (A-T and C-G)

24
Q

structure of an ATP nucleotide

A

an ATP molecule contains a ribose sugar with a nitrogenouse base adenine and three phosphate groups (a triphosphate).

25
Q

ATP

A

adenosine triphophate

26
Q

4 features of ATP hydrolysis

A
  1. forms ADP and Pi
  2. is an exergonic reaction
  3. releases energy by breaking bond between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups
  4. is catalysed by ATP hydrolase
27
Q

4 features of ATP synthesis

A
  1. uses ADP and Pi
  2. is an endergonic reaction
  3. stores energy in high energy bond between 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups
  4. is catalysed by ATP synthase
28
Q

roles of ATP

A
  • energy donor molecule
  • immediate source of energy
  • universal energy molecule
29
Q

ATP as a universal energy molecule

A

all reactions, all cells, all organisms use ATP

30
Q

6 advantages of ATP over glucose

A
  1. only requires 1 enzyme for hydrolysis
  2. releases energy in usable quantities
  3. easily transported across organelle membranes
  4. water soluble
  5. doesn’t need to be stored
  6. easy recycling between ATP and ADP + Pi
31
Q

why is it an advantge that ATP releases energy in usable quantities?

A

hydrolysis of glucose would result in a surplus

32
Q

why is it an advantage that ATP doest need to be stored?

A

glucose must be stored as glycogen or starch

33
Q

energy needed, energy released, coupled, Pi, synthesis

5 steps of ATP recycling

A
  1. when energy needed by cell, ATP hydrolysed into ADP + Pi (catalysed by ATP hydrolase)
  2. hydrolysis of phosphate bond rleases energy
  3. ATP hydrolysis coupled to other energy-requiring reactions in cell so energy released is used directly, not lost as heat
  4. released Pi can be added to another compound in phosphorylation, often making compound more reactive
  5. ATP can be resynthesised in a condensation reactionbetween ADP + Pi, during PS and RS, catalysed by ATP synthesis

Biology - Biological Molecules (7 decks)

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