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Biology - Biological Molecules > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

chemical components of carbs

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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2
Q

3 types of carbs

A

monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides

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3
Q

generalised chemical formula for monosaccharides

A

CnH2nOn

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4
Q

2 types of pentose sugars

A

ribose and deoxyribose

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5
Q

chemical formula for ribose

A

C5H10O5

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6
Q

chemical formula for deoxiribose

A

C5H10O4

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7
Q

3 hexose sugars

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

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8
Q

two types of glucose

A

alpha
beta

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9
Q

what are the three properties of all monosacharides

A

all soluble (in water)
sweet
crystalline

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10
Q

how is a disaccharide formed?

A

a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides resulting in a glycosidic bond

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11
Q

3 disaccharides

A

maltose
sucrose
lactose

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12
Q

which disaccharide is the only non-reducing sugar in AQA?

A

sucrose

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13
Q

reducing sugars

A

all monosaccharides + maltose and lactose

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14
Q

monomer

A

single unit that can react with other units to form a larger molecule, polymer or macromolecule

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15
Q

polymer

A

a chain of repeating monomer

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16
Q

condensation reaction

A

a molecule of water is formed when two monomers are joined together to form a polymer

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17
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A

water is added to a covalent bond between monomers and monomers separate

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18
Q

why is glucose important?

A

it is the main RS substrate in all organisms as is the way carbs are transported in animals

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19
Q

where is the OH in alpha glucose

A

below the first carbon

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20
Q

where is OH in beta glucose?

A

above C1

21
Q

structural isomer

A

two molecules with the same chemical formula bt different structural formulas

22
Q

name 2 pairs of structural isomers

A
  1. alpha and bet glucose
  2. fructose and glactose
23
Q

why are ribose and deoxyribose not structural isomers?

A

deoxyribose has one less carbon atom than ribose so they are not true isomers

24
Q

where is the glycosidic bond between two glucose molecules in maltose?

A

between C1 of one molecule and C4 of another

25
Q

bond in maltose

A

alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond

26
Q

bond in sucrose

A

alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond

27
Q

bond in lactose

A

beta 1-4 glycosidic bond

28
Q

how to determine the chemical formula of a disaccharide?

A

the chemical formulas for the two monosaccharides - H2O

29
Q

word formula for formation of sucrose

A

alpha glucose + fructose -> sucrose and water

30
Q

function of cellulose

A

structural function

31
Q

function of all polymers of alpha glucose

A

to store glucose

32
Q

structure to function of starch: compact shape

A

fit more in less spaces therefore store more glucose in a cell

33
Q

structure to function of starch: large size

A

store more glucose nd cnt leave cel by cell membrane

34
Q

structure to function of starch: polymer

A

can be easily hydrolysed to release glucose for aerobic respiration

35
Q

structure to function of starch: branched in some way

A

increases SA as more ends for hydrolysis, giving faster release of glucose

36
Q

structure to function of starch: insoluble in water

A

osmotically inert (doesn’t affect WP)

37
Q

why can’t we store glucoe as glucose?

A

would decrease WP

38
Q

what enzyme hydrolyses starch?

A

amylase

39
Q

two components of starch and their %s

A

amylose = 30%
amylopectin =70%

40
Q

structure of amylose

A

polymer of alpha glucose with 1-4 glycosidic bonds all facing down
helical shape

41
Q

structure of amylopectin

A

polymer of alpha glucose with 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
branched structure bc of 1-6 bonds

42
Q

structure of glycogen

A

a polymer of alpha glucose with 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
more branched than amylopectin as more 1-6 bonds

43
Q

enzyme that hydrolyses glycogen

A

glycogen phosphorylase

44
Q

why does glycogen have to be more branched?

A

animals have a higher metabolic rate than plants so require glucose faster
more branching increases SA so there is faster release

45
Q

structure of cellulose

A

a chain of beta glucose molecules connected by 1-4 glycosidic bonds which alternate in upward and downwards position resulting in a straight chain.

46
Q

structure of a microfibril

A

several cellulose chains stack on top o one another, joined by hydrogen bonds

47
Q

features and function of a microfibril

A

high tensile strength due to many hydrogen bonds betweeen chains, giving high tensile strength to the cell wall of plant cells

48
Q

What is OH

A

Hydroxyl group

Biology - Biological Molecules (7 decks)

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