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LQB381 > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

The Central Dogma: Infomation Transfer

A

describes the flow of genetic information in cells

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2
Q

DNA Replication

A

DNA is Replicated into DNA

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3
Q

Transcription

A

DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA)

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4
Q

Translation

A

RNA is translated into proteins

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5
Q

Reverse Transcription

A

RNA is transcribed into cDNA

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6
Q

Nucleotides

have three components, they are?

A
  • Nitrogenous Base: info
  • Pentose sugar: structure
  • Phosphate Group: structure
  • can exist as monomers when no phosphate group attached.
  • can have 1-3 phosphates
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7
Q

Nitrogenous Base

A
  • purines: adenine or Guanine (contain 2 rings)
  • Pyrimidines: thymine, Cytosine (or Uracil (U) in RNA) (contain 1 ring)
  • contain carbon, nitrogen, and amino group (NH2)
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8
Q

Pentose Sugar

A

A 5 Carbon sugar ring

  • Deoxyribose in DNA
  • Ribose in RNA
  • determines direction of nuclei acid
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9
Q

Polynucleotide Chains

A
  • nucleotides are connected through a phosphodiester bond

- Have a phosphate group at one end (5’ end) and an OH group attached to the sugar

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10
Q

naming of Nuleotides

A

nMP - 1 phosphate
nDP - 2 phosphates
nTP - 3 phosphates
where n is the name of the nucleoside

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11
Q

NTPs (such as ATP) carry what?

A

chemical energy

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12
Q

cAMP and cGMP are important regulators of what?

A

cellular metabolism

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13
Q

Polymerisation:

A

joining nucleic acids together.

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14
Q

Nucleic Acids are polymers of ______

A

nucleotides

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15
Q

Nucleotides are link ___

A

3’ to 5’ by phosphodiester bonds

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16
Q

Polynucleic acid has a …

A

phosphate group at one end (5’ end) and a OH group attched to the sugar (3’ end)

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17
Q

Levels of Structure in DNA

A
  1. Primary Structure
  2. Secondary Strcuture
  3. Tertiary Structure
  4. Quaternary Structure
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18
Q

Primary Structure

A

the order of bases on the polynucleotide sequence (specifies genetic code)

19
Q

Secondary Structure:

A

3D conformation of polynucleotide backbone (complementary bas pairing - denaturation/replication)

20
Q

Tertiary Structure:

A

Supercoiling

21
Q

Quaternary Structure

A

Interactions between DNA and proteins

22
Q

H-Bonds Build Connection

A
  • DNA is formed by two complementary antiparallel strands
  • Base pairing is very specific and follows Chargaff’s rule
  • Base pairing and H-bonds are v important to hold the complimentary strands
  • G-C pairing is stronger than A-T
23
Q

Chargaff’s Rule

A 
[pyrimidines] = [purines]
[A] = [T]
[G] = [C]
24
Q

Secondary Structure: the helical beauty

A
  • Nitrogen base (steps in the ladder)-information is protected
  • Pentose sugar (handrails)-structure
  • Phosphate group (exposed negative side)-structure
  • Two strand antiparallel
  • Small groove & large groove & complete turn
  • Basic connection (via H-Bonds)
    Diameter is about 20 A
25
Q

Tertiary Structrue: DNA Supercoling

A
  • cellular DNA is extremely compacted (the helix is supercoiled)
  • to save space
26
Q

Quaternary Structure: DNA wrapping up proteins

A

In eukaryotes DNA is complexed with positively-charged proteins to form chromatin

- Histones (positive proteins)
- Nucleosome: DNA (negative wrapped around 8 histones (positive) 
- 150 base pairs are in contact with the proteins 
- Packaged into chromosomes and safely located inside the nucleus
27
Q

DNA as a Template:

A
  • DNA helix is denatured to allow replication
  • Each strand of DNA helix acts as a template for new complementary strand
  • Semiconservative replication (i.e. Each daughter molecule has one old strand & one new strand)
    Dependent on complementary bas pairing
28
Q

DNA Replication

A
  • Helicase: unwinds the helix to form a replication fork
    • Primase: synthesises short RNA primers, complementary to the template
    • DNA polymerase: reads the strand being copied and links complementary nucleotides to form a new strand
    • Leading strand and lagging strand
    • Leading strand is synthesised continuously from the template
    • Lagging strand is synthesised with fragments (Okazaki fragments)
    • DNA ligase joins Okazaki fragments and seals the gaps in the newly synthesised short strands
29
Q

RNA: the other class of nucleic acids

A
  • look at table
30
Q

DNA Transcription: to get mRNA

A
  • The information encoded in the genes is copied into a RNA molecule: messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • Obtained by transcription of complementary section of DNA catalysed by RNA polymerase
  • Occurs in the nucleus
  • Carries the information specifying a particular protein
    It varies in length
31
Q

mRNA: messenger between DNA and Proteins

A
  • It serves as genetic template, as DNA cannot leave the nucleolus
    • The pre-mRNA transcripts contain non-coding RNA (introns) and coding RNA (exons)
    • Mature mRNA has the coding regions
    • mRNA moves to the cytoplasm
      Information encoded by the mRNA is converted into an amino acid sequence
32
Q

Nucelotides Functions:

A
  • energy carries (e.g. ATP)
  • Chemical messengers (e.g. cGMP)
  • components of enzyme cofactors (e.g. NAD+)
33
Q

no phosphate group = ?

A

nucleoside

34
Q

Nucleoside:

A

The combination of a base and a sugar linked via a glycoside bond

35
Q

Nucleotide:

A

When a phosphoric acid is esterfied to a suga (-OH) group of a nucleoside

36
Q

Naming Phosphate Groups: Pyrimidine

A

add -idine e.g. cytidine

37
Q

Naming Phosphate Groups: Purine

A

add -osine e.g. Adenosine

38
Q

Can necleotides have more than one phosphate group attached to them?

A

yes up to 3

39
Q

Naming of Nucleotides: 3 phosphates

A

nTP

where n is the name of the nucleoside

40
Q

Naming of Nucleotides: 2 phosphates

A

nDT

where n is the name of the nucleoside

41
Q

Naming of Nucleotides: 1 phosphates

A

nMP

where n is the name of the nucleoside

42
Q

Are Nucleotides acidic or basic?

A

Acidic because phosphate groups create a negative charge

43
Q

Nucleic acids are

A

polymers of nucleotides

LQB381 (11 decks)

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