Nucleic Acids

Question 1

Fred Griffith

Answer 1

experimented with pneumococcal strings, smooth (S) and rough (R)

found that hereditary material of harmful pneumonia cells transformed cells of a harmless strain into killers

Question 2

Avery and McCarty

Answer 2

found the Transforming Principle by separating deadly S cells into lipid, protein and nucleic acid components

Conclusion: DNA is the “transforming principle”

Question 3

Hershey and Chase

Answer 3

demonstrated different functions of protein and DNA with their T2 bacteriophage experiment

proteins contain more S than P, DNA is opposite
DNA remained in bacterial cell

Question 4

composition of a DNA nucleotide

Answer 4

nitrogenous base, deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate

Question 5

3’,5’ phosphodiester bonds

Answer 5

join the 3’-hydroxyl of one nucleotide to the 5’-phosphate of another

the antiparallel structure allows for hydrogen bonds to form between the nitrogenous bases

Question 6

gene

Answer 6

DNA sequence that contains the base sequence information to code for a gene product, protein or RNA

Question 7

genome

Answer 7

a complete DNA base sequence

Question 8

replication

Answer 8

DNA synthesis that involves complimentary base pairing in two strands that comprise the DNA helix

Question 9

genetic code

Answer 9

sequence of bases

Question 10

transcription

Answer 10

RNA synthesis

involves complimentary base pairing of ribonucleotides to DNA bases

Question 11

transcript

Answer 11

a new RNA

Question 12

transcriptome

Answer 12

total RNA transcript’s for an organism

Question 13

translation

Answer 13

synthesis of a protein

Question 14

mRNA

Answer 14

messenger RNA specifies the primary protein sequence

Question 15

tRNA

Answer 15

transfer RNA delivers the specific amino acid

Question 16

rRNA

Answer 16

ribosomal RNA is a component of ribosomes

Question 17

proteosome

Answer 17

the entire set of proteins synthesized

Question 18

Gene expression

Answer 18

process by which cells control the timing of gene product synthesis in response to environmental or developmental cues

Question 19

The Central Dogma

Answer 19

DNA -> RNA -> protein

retroviruses go in the reverse direction

Question 20

chromosomes

Answer 20

DNA which contains genes

Question 21

E. Coli chromosome

Answer 21

circular DNA molecule that is extensively looped and coiled

Question 22

nucleoid

Answer 22

where the chromosome is attached to the protein core in at least 40 places, which limits the unraveling of DNA

Question 23

Eukaryotes have _____ genomes when compared to prokaryotes

Answer 23

larger

Question 24

Chromatin

Answer 24

DNA with associated proteins

Question 25

Chromosome

Answer 25

condensed chromatin made up of linear DNA and associated proteins (visible during mitosis)

Question 26

Nucleosomes

Answer 26

formed by the binding of DNA and his tome proteins

Question 27

Epigenic modifications can _____

Answer 27

modify the accessibility of DNA

Question 28

prokaryotic genome coding capacity

Answer 28

compact and continuous ; contain few to none noncoding sequences

Question 29

Eukaryotic genome

Answer 29

• larger than prokaryotes
• enormous coding capacity, but majority of DNA is noncoding
• genes are interrupted by nonbonding introns, which can be removed by splicing