Diabetes

Question 1

Pancreatic Islets

Answer 1

secrete insulin and glucagon in response to changes in blood glucose levels

Question 2

Beta cells

Answer 2

secrete insulin when glucose is highstimulates glucose uptake by muscle and liver cells, which lowers blood glucose levels

Question 3

Alpha cells

Answer 3

secrete glucagon when glucose is lowstimulates release of glucose

Question 4

Who discovered insulin?

Answer 4

Joseph von Mering and Oscar Minkowski

Question 5

Other names for Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 5

IDDM, Type 1, Brittle, Juvenile Onset

Question 6

What is the cause of IDDM?

Answer 6

the central problem is the lack of insulin. The beta cells may have been destroyed

Question 7

autoimmunity

Answer 7

antibodies can be made against beta cells in IDDM

Question 8

Polygenic

Answer 8

different genes contribute to the expression of diabetes

Question 9

Gene IDDM1

Answer 9

responsible for beta cells displaying improper antigens to T cells, which provokes attacking

Question 10

Epigenics

Answer 10

studies have been done with twins (same genetic makeup) and suggests that environmental factors play a role in “turning on” genes linked by Type 1 diabetes

Question 11

IDDM1. age of onset2. genetics3. immunity4. body weight5. metabolism6. treatment

Answer 11

1. usually <45, often childhood or young adults2. fewer than 10% of 1st degree relatives affected3. an increased incidence of autoimmunity4. usually lean5. ketosis prone6. insulin and controlled diet and exercise

Question 12

hyperglycemia

Answer 12

increased levels of glucose in the blood

Question 13

Ketosis

Answer 13

increased oxidation of fats for energy

Question 14

what yields the synthesis of ketones?

Answer 14

increased abundance of acetyl CoA

Question 15

diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 15

caused by accumulated ketone bodies in the blood that aren’t buffered and cause the blood to become acidicmay lead to diabetic coma

Question 16

signs of diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 16

• thirst or very dry mouth- frequent urination- high blood glucose levels- high levels of ketones in the urine- fatigue- nausea, vomiting, ab pain- hard time breathing- fruity odor on breath- hard time paying attention; confusion

Question 17

Without insulin the liver increases _____ to make glucose and _____ to break down glycogen. These two processes result in an increase of ___ in the blood.

Answer 17

gluconeogensisglycogenolysisglucose

Question 18

Without insulin the adipose tissue increases the breakdown of ____ due to unopposed action to glucagon and releases _____ into the blood. This leads to an increased production of _____ and results in ______.

Answer 18

fatsfatty acidsketonesketogenesis

Question 19

What is the treatment for IDDM and how does it work?

Answer 19

Insulin pumpit delivers short fast acting insulin around the clock through the catheter placed under the skin. It separates your insulin dosage into the basal rate and the bolus rate.

Question 20

other names for Non Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 20

NIDDM, Type 2 maturity onset, adult onset, stable diabetes

Question 21

NIDDM1. age of onset2. genetics3. immunity4. body weight5. metabolism6. treatment

Answer 21

1. usually after 30, epidemic among obesity2. >25% of 1st degree relatives are affected3. no increased incidence of autoimmunity in patients4. overweight or obese5. ketosis resistant6. weight loss, exercise, proper diet, may need glucose lowering agents or insulin over time

Question 22

What causes NIDDM?

Answer 22

the central problem is insulin resistance; most common cause is down regulation of insulin receptors

Question 23

Body Mass Index

Answer 23

measure of body fat based on weight and height that applies to both men and women25-29.9 is overweight30+ is obese

Question 24

formula for BMI

Answer 24

= (weight in lbs x 7-3)/(height in in.)^2

Question 25

T or F: Ketosis occurs only in NIDDM?

Answer 25

false! ketosis does NOT occur in NIDDM

Question 26

Hyperosmolar Coma

Answer 26

enough insulin is present in NIDDM to prevent ketosis, but there is enough insulin resistance to create a very high glucose level in blood and extracellular fluid. This causes H2O to flow to the tissues and cause dehydration.

Question 27

Three P’s of diabetes

Answer 27

1. polyuria2. polyphagia3. polydipsia

Question 28

Polyuria

Answer 28

increased urination to get rid of the extra sugar can lead to dehydration

Question 29

Polyphagia

Answer 29

frequent hungerin NIDDM more insulin is being produced (but not effective) and insulin increases hunger

Question 30

Polydipsia

Answer 30

excessive thirstbody encourages more water consumption to dilute the high blood sugar

Question 31

Ahterosclerosis

Answer 31

lack of insulin causes a decrease in the enzyme that removes triglycerides from chylomicrons and VLDLs, which causes an increase of triglycerides in the blood and leads to the formation of plaques.

Question 32

What is the first and second leading causes of death in people with diabetes?

Answer 32

1. heart disease2. renal failure

Question 33

Diabetic retinopathy

Answer 33

hyperglycemia causes damage to blood vessels, which can occur in the eye and lead to blindness

Question 34

Hypoglycemia

Answer 34

low blood sugar; complication of too much insulin

Question 35

Diabetic neuropathy

Answer 35

peripheral nerves may be damaged, which causes “peripheral neuritis”. This results in tingling, pain and disturbed sensations in extremities. this in combination with atherosclerosis causes to damaged feet