nucleic acids Flashcards
what does dna stand for
deoxyribonucleic acid
function of dna
codes for amino acids in a protein
what are the sub units of dna called
nucleotides
what is each nucleotide made up of (3 things)
sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, nitrogenous base
difference between deoxyribose and ribose
deoxyribose lacks one oxygen ATOM
which bases are pyrimidines
cytosine, thymine, uracil (RNA)
which bases are purines
adenine and guanine
difference structurally between pyrimidines and purines
pyrimidines contain single ring, purines contain double ring
what does adenine bind to in RNA
uracil
what are the complementary base pairings in DNA
thymine-adenine, guanine-cytosine
what is the pentose sugar in DNA
deoxyribose
what is the pentose sugar in RNA
ribose
how many hydrogen bonds are there between a-t
2
how many hydrogen bonds are there between c-g
3
what is the word used to describe the directions of the double helix
antiparallel
name of the bonds between phosphate groups and deoxyribose
phosphodiester bonds
name for the type of process of DNA replication
semi-conservative
what do original polynucleotide chains act as for the new nucleotides
templates
which is the enzyme which breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the 2 polynucleotide chains together
DNA helicase
which is the enzyme which joins new nucleotides to their complementary bases
DNA polymerase
define the term universal energy currency
provides energy in all cells for all reactions
what does ATP and ADP stand for
ATP = adenosine triphosphate, ADP = adenosine diphosphate
in what reaction is ATP formed
endergonic (uses energy)
what is the equation for the hydrolysis of ATP
ATP+H2O–> ADP + Pi + 30.6kJ energy
what is the enzyme which cataylses the condensation reaction of ADP and Pi
ATP synthetase
definition of exergonic
energy releasing reaction
definition of endergonic
energy taking in reaction
how much energy is released when ATP is converted to ADP and Pi
30.6kJ
what enzyme is used for the hydrolysis reaction of ATP (ATP–>ADP+Pi)
ATPase
list 5 uses of ATP
active transport, metabolic processes, movement, nerve transmission, secretion
what does ATP do in active transport
allows molecules to move against a concentration gradient
what does ATP do in metabolic processes
synthesises large complex molecules from smaller ones (e.g. protein synthesis)
what does ATP do in movement
muscle contraction
what does ATP do in nerve transmission
sodium-potassium pump across the axon membrane
what does ATP do in secretion
packaging and transport of secretory products into vesicles in cells
difference structurally between RNA and DNA
RNA is single stranded but DNA is double stranded
name the 3 types of RNA
ribosomal RNA (rRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA)
where is rRNA made
nucleolus (component of ribosomes)
where is mRNA made
nucleus (using complementary base pairs of RNA nucleotides using a strand of DNA as a template)
describe the structure of tRNA
single stranded polynucleotide of RNA twisted into a clover-leaf shape
what is the type of amino acid brought to the codon determined by
the anticodon (complementary to the codons)
