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BIOCHEM (LEC) > NUCLEIC ACIDS > Flashcards

NUCLEIC ACIDS Flashcards

1
Q

A most remarkable property of living cells is their ability to ___.

A

produce exact replicas of themselves

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2
Q

discovered nucleic acids in 1869 while studying the nuclei of white blood cells.

The fact that they were initially found in cell nuclei and are acidic accounts for the name nucleic acid.

A

Friedrich Miescher (1844–1895)

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3
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Nucleic acids are found throughout a cell, not just in the nucleus

A

True

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4
Q

Documents patterns of heredity in pea plants

A

Mendel (1865)

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5
Q

first identifies DNA (“nuclein”)

A

Miescher (1869)

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6
Q

Propose chromosome theory of heredity

A

Sutton and Boveri (1902)

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7
Q

___ and his “Fly Room” colleagues confirm the chromosome theory of heredity

A

Morgan (1945)

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8
Q

___ and his “Fly Room” colleagues confirm the chromosome theory of heredity

A

Morgan (1945)

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9
Q

shows that X-rays induce mutations

A

Muller (1927)

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10
Q

“Transformation experiments” transform non-pathogenic bacteria strains to pathogenic

A

Griffith (1928)

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11
Q

Demonstrates genetic combination in corn

A

McClintock (1931)

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12
Q

Describe the “one gene —one enzyme” hypothesis

A

Beadle and Tatum (1941)

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13
Q

Show that DNA is the “transforming principle” responsible for heredity

A

Avery, McLeod, and McCarty (1944)

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14
Q

Discovers that A=T and C=G (Chargaff’s rules)

A

Chargaff (1950)

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15
Q

Use radioactive labeling to prove that DNA is responsible for heredity

A

Hershey and Chase (1952)

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16
Q

Propose the double helix structure of DNA

A

Watson and Crick (1953)

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17
Q

Sequencing projects begin

A

Genome (1990)

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18
Q

Propose the existence of mRNA

A

Jacob and Monod (1961)

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19
Q

Two types of nucleic acids are found within cells of higher organisms:

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

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20
Q

Nearly all the DNA is found within the cell ___.

A

Nucleus

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21
Q

Its primary function is the storage and transfer of genetic information.

A

Cell nucleus

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22
Q

This information is used (indirectly) to control many functions of a living cell.

A

DNA

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23
Q

DNA is passed from existing cells to new cells during ___.

A

cell division

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24
Q

__ occurs in all parts of a cell. It functions primarily in synthesis of proteins, the molecules that carry out essential cellular functions.

A

RNA

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25
Q

All nucleic acid molecules are __.

A

polymers

26
Q

A nucleic acid is a polymer in which the monomer units are ___.

A

nucleotides

27
Q

Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Uracil

A

RNA

28
Q

Cytosine
Guanine
Adenine
Thymine

A

DNA

29
Q

A __ is a three-subunit molecule in which a pentose
sugar is bonded to both a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic base.

A

nucleotide

30
Q

With a three-subunit structure, ___ are more complex monomers than the monosaccharides of polysaccharides and the amino acids of proteins.

A

nucleotides

31
Q

The sugar unit of a nucleotide is either the

A

pentose ribose or the pentose 2’-deoxyribose

Pentose sugar

32
Q

Five nitrogen-containing heterocyclic bases are nucleotide components.

Three of them are derivatives of ___, a
monocyclic base with a six-membered ring, and two are derivatives of __, a bicyclic base with fused five- and six-membered ring

A

pyrimidine, purine

33
Q

Thymine
Cytosine
Uracil

A

Pyrimidine

34
Q

Adenine
Guanine

A

Purine

35
Q

Phosphate, the third component of a nucleotide, is derived from ___ (H3PO4).

Under cellular pH conditions, it loses two of its hydrogen atoms to give a hydrogen
phosphate ion (HPO4 2-)

A

phosphoric acid

36
Q

____, with formation of a water molecule, occurs at two locations: between sugar and base and between sugar and phosphate.

A

Condensation

37
Q

The base is always attached at the C-__ position of the sugar.

For purine bases, attachment is through N-9; for pyrimidine bases, N-1 is involved.

A

C-1

38
Q

The C-1’ carbon atom of the ribose unit is always in a b configuration, and the bond connecting the sugar and base is a

A

b-N-glycosidic linkage

39
Q

The phosphate group is attached to the sugar at the C-5’ position through a

A

phosphate–ester linkage

40
Q

All of the names end in ___, which signifies the presence of a phosphate group attached to the 5’ carbon atom of ribose or deoxyribose.

A

5’-monophosphate

41
Q

Preceding the monophosphate ending is the name of the __ present in a modified form. The suffix -osine is used with purine bases, the suffix -idine with pyrimidine bases

A

base

42
Q

True or False

Hydrogen-bonding possibilities are more favorable when A-T and G-C base pairing occurs than A-C and G-T base pairing occues

A

True

43
Q

__ molecules are the carriers of genetic information within a cell; that is, they are the molecules of heredity.

A

DNA

44
Q

The process by which new DNA molecules are generated is ___.

A

DNA replication

45
Q

is the biochemical process by which DNA molecules produce exact duplicates of themselves.

A

DNA replication

46
Q

Once the DNA within a cell has been replicated, it interacts with specific proteins in the cell called ___ to form structural units that provide the most stable arrangement for the long DNA molecules.

A

histones

47
Q

These histone–DNA complexes are called ___.

A

chromosomes

48
Q

A ___ is an individual DNA molecule bound to a group of proteins.

A

chromosome

49
Q

Typically, a chromosome is about ___% by mass DNA and __% by mass protein.

A

15, 85

50
Q

Cells from different kinds of organisms have different numbers of chromosomes. A normal human has __ chromosomes per cell, a
mosquito 6, a frog 26, a dog 78, and a turkey 82.

Chromosomes occur in matched (homologous) pairs

A

46

51
Q

Dna —> (transcription) —> ____ (translation) —> protein

A

RNA

52
Q

The sugar unit in the backbone of RNA is ___; it is deoxyribose in DNA.

A

ribose

53
Q

It does not contain equal amounts of specific bases

A

RNA

54
Q

What are the 5 major types of RNA molecules

A

heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)
messenger RNA (mRNA)
small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)

55
Q

is RNA formed directly by DNA transcription. Post-transcription processing converts it to messenger RNA

A

Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)

56
Q

is RNA that carries instructions for protein synthesis (genetic information) to the sites for protein
synthesis. The molecular mass of it varies with the length of the protein whose synthesis it will direct.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

57
Q

is RNA that facilitates the conversion of heterogeneous nuclear RNA to messenger RNA. It contains from 100 to 200 nucleotides

A

Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

58
Q

is RNA that combines with specific proteins to form ribosomes, the physical sites for protein synthesis.

Ribosomes have molecular masses on the order of 3 million amu. The rRNA present in ribosomes
has no informational function.

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

59
Q

is RNA that delivers amino acids to the sites for protein synthesis.

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

60
Q

They are the smallest of the RNAs, possessing only 75–90 nucleotide units

A

BIOCHEM (LEC) (6 decks)

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