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BIOCHEM (LEC) > CELL ORGANELLES AND BIOMOLECULES > Flashcards

CELL ORGANELLES AND BIOMOLECULES Flashcards

1
Q
  • used complex microscopes in the
    1600s
A

ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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2
Q

ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK

observed the movements of protista (a
type of single-celled organism) and
sperm, which he collectively termed
“____”

A

Animalcules

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3
Q

ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK

In the 1670s, he discovered __
and

A

bacteria, protozoa

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4
Q

In a 1665 publication called ___, the term “cell” was coined as he described it as box-like structures when viewing cork tissues through a lens.

Who is he?

A

Micrographia

Robert Hooke

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5
Q

Botanist (?)

Zoologist (?)

Proposed the unified cell theory

proposed spontaneous generation as
the method for cell origination but was
later disproven

(Hint 2 people)

A

Botanist (Schleiden)

Zoologist (Schwann)

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN & THEODOR
SCHWANN

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6
Q

UNIFIED CELL THEORY

A
  1. All living things are composed of
    one or more cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of life
  3. New cells arise from existing
    cells
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7
Q

Cells carry genetic material passed to daughter cells during _____

o All cells are essentially the same
in chemical composition

A

cellular division

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8
Q

Energy __ (metabolism and
biochemistry) occurs within cells

A

flow

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9
Q

stated “Omnis cellula e cellula” or “All
cells only arise from pre-existing cells”

A

RUDOLF VIRCHOW

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10
Q

He invented the single-lens microscope

A

Zacharias Jensen

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11
Q

Using a microscope that he devised,
viewed the cell walls of cork for the
first time. He coined the term ‘cell’.

A

Robert Hooke

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12
Q

Observes the first living cells
in pond water using lenses that he
created for his microscope

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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13
Q

Discovers the nucleus in plant cells and
suggests its importance in cell creation

A

Robert Brown

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14
Q

Proposes that all plant tissues are
composed of cells

A

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

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15
Q

Concludes that not just plant tissue, but
animal cells, as well are composed of
one or more cells. He also stated that the
cell is the basic unit of life

A

Theodor Schwann

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16
Q

Restates the second part of the cell theory proposing that cells are the
basic unit of life

A

Carl Heinrich Braun

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17
Q

Adds the third part to the cell theory stating that cells only come from other living cells.

A

Rudolf Virchow

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18
Q

basic unit of life

A

Cell

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19
Q

basic unit of life

A

Cell

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20
Q

All ___ are either single
cells, or are multicellular organisms
composed of many cells working
together.

A

living organisms

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21
Q

A ____ that keeps the chemical reactions of life together.

A

cell membrane

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22
Q

• At least one ___, composed of genetic material that contain the cell’s “blueprints” and “software.”

A

chromosome

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23
Q

– the fluid inside the cell, in which the chemical processes of life occur.

A

Cytoplasm

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24
Q

• A living thing must respond to changes in its environment.
• A living thing must grow and develop across its lifespan.
• A living thing must be able to reproduce, or make copies of itself.
• A living thing must have metabolism.
• A living thing must maintain homeostasis, or keep its internal
environment the same regardless of outside changes.
• A living thing must be made of cells
• A living thing must pass on traits
to its offspring

A

7 functions that must be fulfilled by a
living organism

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25
Types of cells
Prokaryotic & eukaryotic
26
- very small (microscopic) - perform various functions for a cell - found in the cytoplasm - may or may not be membrane-bound
Organelles
27
- composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins - surrounds outside of all cells - controls what enters or leaves the cell - living layer
Cell membrane
28
Phospholipids Heads contain ____ & ___ and are hydrophilic (attract water)
glycerol, phosphate
29
Phospholipids Tails are made of ____ and are hydrophobic (repel water)
fatty acids
30
Phospholipids Can move ____ to allow small molecules (O2, CO2, & H2O to enter)
laterally
31
Cell membrane are attached on the surface (inner or outer)
Peripheral proteins
32
Cell membrane are embedded completely through the membrane
Integral proteins
33
Lies immediately against the cell wall Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain cell shape
CELL MEMBRANE IN PLANTS
34
- Found outside of the cell membrane - Nonliving layer - Supports and protects cell - Found in plants, fungi, and bacteria
Cell wall
35
Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
Cytoplasm
36
- Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place - contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
Cytoplasm
37
The control center of the cell
Nucleus
38
Controls the normal activities of the cell Brain of the cell
Nucleus
39
Nucleus Contains thin fibers of DNA in chromosomes and protein called
Chromatin
40
- Bounded by a nuclear envelope (membrane) with pores - Usually the largest organelle - Rod shaped chromosomes
Nucleus
41
Produces ribosomal RNA which makes ribosomes
nucleolus
42
genes control cell ____
characteristics
43
The genetic material (DNA) is found inside the ___
nucleus
44
DNA is spread out and appears as ____ in non-dividing cells
Chromatin
45
DNA is condensed and wrapped around proteins forming as ____ in dividing cells
CHROMOSOMES
46
is the hereditary material of the cell
DNA
47
Genes that make up the DNA molecule code for different ___
proteins
48
Double membrane surrounding nucleus
Nuclear envelope
49
- Also called nuclear membrane - Contains nuclear pores for materials to enter and leave nucleus
Nuclear envelope
50
- Inside nucleus - Disappears when cell divides - Makes ribosomes that make proteins
Nucleolus
51
- Helps cell maintain cell shape - Also help move organelles around - Made of proteins
Cytoskeleton
52
are threadlike and made of ACTIN
Microfilaments
53
Microtubules are tubelike and made of
TUBULIN
54
Found only in animal cells Paired organelles found together near the nucleus, at right angles to each other Made of bundle of microtubules
Centrioles
55
- Appear during cell division forming mitotic spindle - Help to pull chromosome pairs apart to opposite ends of the cell - Role in building cilia and flagella
Centrioles
56
- Powerhouse of the cell - Generate cellular energy(ATP) - More active cells like muscle cells have more __
mitochondria
57
- Site of cellular respiration (burning glucose) - Surrounded by a double membrane - Has it’s own DNA
Mitochondria
58
Mitochondria Folded inner membrane called _____ (increases surface area for more chemical reactions)
CRISTAE
59
Mitochondria Interior called ___
MATRIX
60
Mitochondria come from cytoplasm in the egg cell during ___.
fertilization
61
Network of hollow membrane tubules
Endoplasmic reticulum
62
Connects to nuclear envelope and cell membrane
Endoplasmic reticulum
63
Functions in Synthesis of cell products and Transport
ER
64
A system of membrane channels and saccules (flattened vesicles) continuous with the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope
ER
65
Has ribosomes on it’s surface Makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER surface They are then threaded into the interior of the ____ ER to be modified and transported
Rough ER
66
- Makes membrane lipids (steroids) - synthesis of lipids - regulates calcium (muscle cells) - Destroys toxic substances (Liver)
Smooth ER
67
- Made of PROTEINS and rRNA
Ribosome
68
- “Protein factories” for cell
Ribosome
69
- Join amino acids to make proteins through protein synthesis
Ribosome
70
- Can be attached to Rough ER or be free (unattached) in the cytoplasm
Ribosome
71
- Made of proteins and RNA - No membrane - Most numerous organelle
Ribosome
72
- Aids in protein synthesis - Free ___ make proteins used by the cell - Ribosomes on rER make proteins for export to other cells
Functions of ribosome
73
Stacks of flattened sacs
GOLGI BODIES/APPARATUSES
74
GOLGI BODIES/APPARATUSES Have a shipping side (___) and a receiving side (__)
Have a shipping side (cis face) and a receiving side (trans face)
75
Receive proteins made by ER Transport vesicles with modifies proteins pinch off the ends
GOLGI APPARATUS
76
Transport of these materials in vesicles through the cell - Manufacture of some certain macromolecules (eg hyaluronic acid)
Golgi apparatus
77
- Contain digestive enzymes - Break down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts for cells
Lysosome
78
- Programmed for cell death (Apoptosis) - Lyse and release enzymes to break down and recycle cell parts
Lysosome
79
Cells take in food by
phagocytosis
80
digest the food and get rid of wastes
Lysosomes
81
Function in moving cells, in moving fluids, or in small particles across the cell surface
CILIA AND FLAGELLA
82
are shorter and more numerous on cells
CILIA
83
are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells
Flagella
84
- Fluid filled sacks for storage - Small or absent in animal cells - Plant cells have large Central ___
Vacuole
85
- In plants, they store Cell Sap - Includes storage of sugars, proteins, minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and enzymes
Vacuole
86
Found only in producers (organisms containing chlorophyll)
Chloroplasts
87
Use energy from sunlight to make own food (glucose)
Chloroplast
88
Energy from sun stored in the Chemical Bonds of Sugars
Chloroplast
89
Surrounded by Double Membrane Outer membrane smooth Inner membrane modified into sacs called Thylakoids
Chloroplast
90
Thylakoids in stacks called ____ and interconnected
Grana
91
gel like material surrounding the thylakoids
Stroma
92
In order to reproduce, most cells will divide at some point in their lifespan. The actual process varies, depending on the cell type
Cell division
93
- Non-reproductive cells - divide through the process of mitosis
Somatic
94
- Reproductive cells - undergo mitosis then utilize a second process called meiosis
Gametic
95
What are the cell substances/biomolecules
Nucleic acid Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins
96
Chemically defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or compounds which produce them on hydrolysis.
Carbohydrates
97
Sugars or substances that taste sweet
Carbohydrates
98
Carbohydrates Collectively called as ___ (Greek: sakcharon = sugar)
saccharides
99
Depending on the number of constituting sugar units obtained upon ____, they are classified as: o monosaccharides (1 unit) o oligosaccharides (2-10 units) o polysaccharides (more than 10 units)
hydrolysis
100
is a common form of a chemical reaction where water is mostly used to break down the chemical bonds that exists between a particular substance
Hydrolysis
101
Most abundant dietary source of energy
Carbohydrates
102
Structurally very important for many living organisms as they form a major structural component (eg cellulose is an important structural fibre for plants)
Carbohydrates
103
Another class of indispensable biomolecules, which make up around 50% of the cellular dry weight
Proteins
104
Proteins Polymers of amino acids arranged in the form of ___
Polypeptide chains
105
Proteins Structure is classified as: ? Structures are based on the level of complexity of the folding of a polypeptide chain
o primary o secondary o tertiary o quaternary
106
Play both structural and dynamic roles
Proteins
107
is the protein that allows movement by contraction of muscles
Myosin
108
Most ____ are proteinaceous in nature
enzymes
109
Refer to the genetic material found in the cell that carries all the hereditary information from parents to progeny
Nucleic Acid
110
2 types of nucleic acids
o deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) o ribonucleic acid (RNA)
111
Main function is the transfer of genetic information and synthesis of proteins by processes known as translation and transcription
Nucleic acid
112
Monomeric unit is known as NUCLEOTIDE and is composed of a:
- nitrogenous base - pentose sugar - phosphate
113
TRUE or FALSE The nucleotides are linked by a 3’ and 3’ phosphodiester bond
FALSE The nucleotides are linked by a 3’ and 5’ phosphodiester bond
114
TRUE or FALSE The nucleotides are linked by a 3’ and 3’ phosphodiester bond
FALSE The nucleotides are linked by a 3’ and 5’ phosphodiester bond
115
The ___ base attached to the pentose sugar makes the nucleotide distinct
nitrogen
116
4 major nitrogenous bases found in DNA:
o adenine o guanine o cytosine o thymine
117
4 major nitrogenous bases found in RNA
o adenine o guanine o cytosine o uracil
118
The DNA structure is described as a double-helix or double-helical structure which is formed by _____ between the bases of 2 antiparallel polynucleotide chains.
hydrogen bonding
119
Organic substances that are insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents, are related to fatty acids and are utilized by the living cell
Lipids
120
Include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, mono-, di- or triglycerides, phospholipid, etc.
Lipids
121
- Not polymeric molecules - Play a great role in the cellular structure and are the chief source of energy
Lipids

BIOCHEM (LEC) (7 decks)

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