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BIOCHEM (LEC) > CELL ORGANELLES AND BIOMOLECULES > Flashcards

CELL ORGANELLES AND BIOMOLECULES Flashcards

1
Q
  • used complex microscopes in the
    1600s
A

ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK

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2
Q

ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK

observed the movements of protista (a
type of single-celled organism) and
sperm, which he collectively termed
“____”

A

Animalcules

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3
Q

ANTONY VAN LEEUWENHOEK

In the 1670s, he discovered __
and

A

bacteria, protozoa

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4
Q

In a 1665 publication called ___, the term “cell” was coined as he described it as box-like structures when viewing cork tissues through a lens.

Who is he?

A

Micrographia

Robert Hooke

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5
Q

Botanist (?)

Zoologist (?)

Proposed the unified cell theory

proposed spontaneous generation as
the method for cell origination but was
later disproven

(Hint 2 people)

A

Botanist (Schleiden)

Zoologist (Schwann)

MATTHIAS SCHLEIDEN & THEODOR
SCHWANN

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6
Q

UNIFIED CELL THEORY

A
  1. All living things are composed of
    one or more cells
  2. The cell is the basic unit of life
  3. New cells arise from existing
    cells
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7
Q

Cells carry genetic material passed to daughter cells during _____

o All cells are essentially the same
in chemical composition

A

cellular division

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8
Q

Energy __ (metabolism and
biochemistry) occurs within cells

A

flow

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9
Q

stated “Omnis cellula e cellula” or “All
cells only arise from pre-existing cells”

A

RUDOLF VIRCHOW

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10
Q

He invented the single-lens microscope

A

Zacharias Jensen

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11
Q

Using a microscope that he devised,
viewed the cell walls of cork for the
first time. He coined the term ‘cell’.

A

Robert Hooke

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12
Q

Observes the first living cells
in pond water using lenses that he
created for his microscope

A

Antony van Leeuwenhoek

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13
Q

Discovers the nucleus in plant cells and
suggests its importance in cell creation

A

Robert Brown

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14
Q

Proposes that all plant tissues are
composed of cells

A

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

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15
Q

Concludes that not just plant tissue, but
animal cells, as well are composed of
one or more cells. He also stated that the
cell is the basic unit of life

A

Theodor Schwann

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16
Q

Restates the second part of the cell theory proposing that cells are the
basic unit of life

A

Carl Heinrich Braun

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17
Q

Adds the third part to the cell theory stating that cells only come from other living cells.

A

Rudolf Virchow

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18
Q

basic unit of life

A

Cell

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19
Q

basic unit of life

A

Cell

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20
Q

All ___ are either single
cells, or are multicellular organisms
composed of many cells working
together.

A

living organisms

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21
Q

A ____ that keeps the chemical reactions of life together.

A

cell membrane

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22
Q

• At least one ___, composed of genetic material that contain the cell’s “blueprints” and “software.”

A

chromosome

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23
Q

– the fluid inside the cell, in which the chemical processes of life occur.

A

Cytoplasm

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24
Q

• A living thing must respond to changes in its environment.
• A living thing must grow and develop across its lifespan.
• A living thing must be able to reproduce, or make copies of itself.
• A living thing must have metabolism.
• A living thing must maintain homeostasis, or keep its internal
environment the same regardless of outside changes.
• A living thing must be made of cells
• A living thing must pass on traits
to its offspring

A

7 functions that must be fulfilled by a
living organism

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25
Q

Types of cells

A

Prokaryotic & eukaryotic

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26
Q
  • very small (microscopic)
  • perform various functions for a cell
  • found in the cytoplasm
  • may or may not be membrane-bound
A

Organelles

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27
Q
  • composed of double layer of phospholipids and proteins
  • surrounds outside of all cells
  • controls what enters or leaves the cell
  • living layer
A

Cell membrane

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28
Q

Phospholipids

Heads contain ____ & ___
and are hydrophilic (attract water)

A

glycerol, phosphate

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29
Q

Phospholipids

Tails are made of ____ and are
hydrophobic (repel water)

A

fatty acids

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30
Q

Phospholipids

Can move ____ to allow small
molecules (O2, CO2, & H2O to enter)

A

laterally

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31
Q

Cell membrane

are attached on the surface (inner or outer)

A

Peripheral proteins

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32
Q

Cell membrane

are embedded completely through the membrane

A

Integral proteins

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33
Q

Lies immediately against the cell wall

Pushes out against the cell wall to maintain cell shape

A

CELL MEMBRANE IN PLANTS

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34
Q
  • Found outside of the cell membrane
  • Nonliving layer
  • Supports and protects cell
  • Found in plants, fungi, and bacteria
A

Cell wall

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35
Q

Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell
membrane

A

Cytoplasm

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36
Q
  • Provides a medium for chemical
    reactions to take place
  • contains organelles to carry out specific
    jobs
A

Cytoplasm

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37
Q

The control center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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38
Q

Controls the normal activities of the cell
Brain of the cell

A

Nucleus

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39
Q

Nucleus

Contains thin fibers of DNA in
chromosomes and protein called

A

Chromatin

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40
Q
  • Bounded by a nuclear envelope
    (membrane) with pores
  • Usually the largest organelle
  • Rod shaped chromosomes
A

Nucleus

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41
Q

Produces ribosomal RNA which
makes ribosomes

A

nucleolus

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42
Q

genes control cell ____

A

characteristics

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43
Q

The genetic material (DNA) is found
inside the ___

A

nucleus

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44
Q

DNA is spread out and appears as ____ in non-dividing cells

A

Chromatin

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45
Q

DNA is condensed and wrapped around proteins forming as ____ in dividing cells

A

CHROMOSOMES

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46
Q

is the hereditary material of the cell

A

DNA

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47
Q

Genes that make up the DNA molecule
code for different ___

A

proteins

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48
Q

Double membrane surrounding nucleus

A

Nuclear envelope

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49
Q
  • Also called nuclear membrane
  • Contains nuclear pores for materials to
    enter and leave nucleus
A

Nuclear envelope

50
Q
  • Inside nucleus
  • Disappears when cell divides
  • Makes ribosomes that make proteins
A

Nucleolus

51
Q
  • Helps cell maintain cell shape
  • Also help move organelles around
  • Made of proteins
A

Cytoskeleton

52
Q

are threadlike and made of ACTIN

A

Microfilaments

53
Q

Microtubules are tubelike and made of

A

TUBULIN

54
Q

Found only in animal cells

Paired organelles found together near
the nucleus, at right angles to each other

Made of bundle of microtubules

A

Centrioles

55
Q
  • Appear during cell division forming
    mitotic spindle
  • Help to pull chromosome pairs apart to
    opposite ends of the cell
  • Role in building cilia and flagella
A

Centrioles

56
Q
  • Powerhouse of the cell
  • Generate cellular energy(ATP)
  • More active cells like muscle cells have
    more __
A

mitochondria

57
Q
  • Site of cellular respiration (burning
    glucose)
  • Surrounded by a double membrane
  • Has it’s own DNA
A

Mitochondria

58
Q

Mitochondria

Folded inner membrane called _____ (increases surface area for more chemical reactions)

A

CRISTAE

59
Q

Mitochondria

Interior called ___

A

MATRIX

60
Q

Mitochondria come from cytoplasm in
the egg cell during ___.

A

fertilization

61
Q

Network of hollow membrane tubules

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

62
Q

Connects to nuclear envelope and cell
membrane

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

63
Q

Functions in Synthesis of cell products
and Transport

A

ER

64
Q

A system of membrane channels and
saccules (flattened vesicles) continuous
with the outer membrane of the nuclear
envelope

A

ER

65
Q

Has ribosomes on it’s surface

Makes membrane proteins and proteins
for export out of cell

Proteins are made by ribosomes on ER
surface

They are then threaded into the interior
of the ____ ER to be modified and
transported

A

Rough ER

66
Q
  • Makes membrane lipids (steroids)
  • synthesis of lipids
  • regulates calcium (muscle cells)
  • Destroys toxic substances (Liver)
A

Smooth ER

67
Q
  • Made of PROTEINS and rRNA
A

Ribosome

68
Q
  • “Protein factories” for cell
A

Ribosome

69
Q
  • Join amino acids to make proteins
    through protein synthesis
A

Ribosome

70
Q
  • Can be attached to Rough ER or be
    free (unattached) in the cytoplasm
A

Ribosome

71
Q
  • Made of proteins and RNA
  • No membrane
  • Most numerous organelle
A

Ribosome

72
Q
  • Aids in protein synthesis
  • Free ___ make proteins used by
    the cell
  • Ribosomes on rER make proteins for
    export to other cells
A

Functions of ribosome

73
Q

Stacks of flattened sacs

A

GOLGI BODIES/APPARATUSES

74
Q

GOLGI BODIES/APPARATUSES

Have a shipping side (___) and a
receiving side (__)

A

Have a shipping side (cis face) and a
receiving side (trans face)

75
Q

Receive proteins made by ER

Transport vesicles with modifies
proteins pinch off the ends

A

GOLGI APPARATUS

76
Q

Transport of these materials in vesicles
through the cell

  • Manufacture of some certain
    macromolecules (eg hyaluronic acid)
A

Golgi apparatus

77
Q
  • Contain digestive enzymes
  • Break down food, bacteria, and worn
    out cell parts for cells
A

Lysosome

78
Q
  • Programmed for cell death (Apoptosis)
  • Lyse and release enzymes to break
    down and recycle cell parts
A

Lysosome

79
Q

Cells take in food by

A

phagocytosis

80
Q

digest the food and get rid of wastes

A

Lysosomes

81
Q

Function in moving cells, in moving
fluids, or in small particles across the cell
surface

A

CILIA AND FLAGELLA

82
Q

are shorter and more numerous on cells

A

CILIA

83
Q

are longer and fewer (usually 1-3) on cells

A

Flagella

84
Q
  • Fluid filled sacks for storage
  • Small or absent in animal cells
  • Plant cells have large Central ___
A

Vacuole

85
Q
  • In plants, they store Cell Sap
  • Includes storage of sugars, proteins,
    minerals, lipids, wastes, salts, water, and
    enzymes
A

Vacuole

86
Q

Found only in producers (organisms
containing chlorophyll)

A

Chloroplasts

87
Q

Use energy from sunlight to make own
food (glucose)

A

Chloroplast

88
Q

Energy from sun stored in the Chemical
Bonds of Sugars

A

Chloroplast

89
Q

Surrounded by Double Membrane

Outer membrane smooth

Inner membrane modified into sacs
called Thylakoids

A

Chloroplast

90
Q

Thylakoids in stacks called ____ and
interconnected

A

Grana

91
Q

gel like material surrounding the thylakoids

A

Stroma

92
Q

In order to reproduce, most cells will
divide at some point in their lifespan. The actual process varies, depending on the cell type

A

Cell division

93
Q
  • Non-reproductive cells
  • divide through the process of mitosis
A

Somatic

94
Q
  • Reproductive cells
  • undergo mitosis then utilize a second
    process called meiosis
A

Gametic

95
Q

What are the cell substances/biomolecules

A

Nucleic acid
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins

96
Q

Chemically defined as polyhydroxy
aldehydes or ketones or compounds which produce them on hydrolysis.

A

Carbohydrates

97
Q

Sugars or substances that taste sweet

A

Carbohydrates

98
Q

Carbohydrates

Collectively called as ___
(Greek: sakcharon = sugar)

A

saccharides

99
Q

Depending on the number of
constituting sugar units obtained upon
____, they are classified as:

o monosaccharides (1 unit)
o oligosaccharides (2-10 units)
o polysaccharides (more than 10
units)

A

hydrolysis

100
Q

is a common form of a chemical reaction where water is mostly used to break down the chemical bonds that exists between a particular substance

A

Hydrolysis

101
Q

Most abundant dietary source of energy

A

Carbohydrates

102
Q

Structurally very important for many
living organisms as they form a major
structural component (eg cellulose is an
important structural fibre for plants)

A

Carbohydrates

103
Q

Another class of indispensable
biomolecules, which make up around 50% of the cellular dry weight

A

Proteins

104
Q

Proteins

Polymers of amino acids arranged in
the form of ___

A

Polypeptide chains

105
Q

Proteins

Structure is classified as:

?

Structures are based on the level of
complexity of the folding of a polypeptide chain

A

o primary
o secondary
o tertiary
o quaternary

106
Q

Play both structural and dynamic roles

A

Proteins

107
Q

is the protein that allows movement by contraction of muscles

A

Myosin

108
Q

Most ____ are proteinaceous in
nature

A

enzymes

109
Q

Refer to the genetic material found in
the cell that carries all the hereditary
information from parents to progeny

A

Nucleic Acid

110
Q

2 types of nucleic acids

A

o deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
o ribonucleic acid (RNA)

111
Q

Main function is the transfer of genetic
information and synthesis of proteins by
processes known as translation and
transcription

A

Nucleic acid

112
Q

Monomeric unit is known as NUCLEOTIDE and is composed of a:

A
  • nitrogenous base
  • pentose sugar
  • phosphate
113
Q

TRUE or FALSE

The nucleotides are linked by a 3’ and
3’ phosphodiester bond

A

FALSE

The nucleotides are linked by a 3’ and
5’ phosphodiester bond

114
Q

TRUE or FALSE

The nucleotides are linked by a 3’ and
3’ phosphodiester bond

A

FALSE

The nucleotides are linked by a 3’ and
5’ phosphodiester bond

115
Q

The ___ base attached to the
pentose sugar makes the nucleotide
distinct

A

nitrogen

116
Q

4 major nitrogenous bases found in DNA:

A

o adenine
o guanine
o cytosine
o thymine

117
Q

4 major nitrogenous bases found in
RNA

A

o adenine
o guanine
o cytosine
o uracil

118
Q

The DNA structure is described as a
double-helix or double-helical structure
which is formed by _____
between the bases of 2 antiparallel
polynucleotide chains.

A

hydrogen bonding

119
Q

Organic substances that are insoluble
in water, soluble in organic solvents, are
related to fatty acids and are utilized by
the living cell

A

Lipids

120
Q

Include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble
vitamins, mono-, di- or triglycerides,
phospholipid, etc.

A

Lipids

121
Q
  • Not polymeric molecules
  • Play a great role in the cellular structure
    and are the chief source of energy
A

Lipids

BIOCHEM (LEC) (5 decks)

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