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Biochemistry Lecture > Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

Unbranched polymers composed of repeating monomers called nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds

A

Nucleic acids

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2
Q

Stores the genetic information of an organism and transits that information from one generation to another

A

DNA

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3
Q

Translates the genetic information contained in DNA into proteins needed for all cellular function

A

RNA

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4
Q

Monomers that compose DNA and RNA

A

Nucleotides

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5
Q

Organic molecules made up of nitrogen-containing ring structures. Heterocyclic aromatic amines

A

Nitrogenous base

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6
Q

a 6-membered ring containing 2 nitrogen and 4 carbon

A

Pyrimidine

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7
Q

a bicyclic structure containing 4 nitrogen and 5 carbon

A

Purine

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8
Q

Contains AGCT. DNA/RNA

A

DNA

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9
Q

Contains AGCU. DNA/RNA

A

RNA

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10
Q

What type of sugar is in nucleotide

A

Aldopentose sugar

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11
Q

The sugar in RNA

A

D-ribose

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12
Q

The sugar in NDA

A

D-2-deoxyribose

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13
Q

Formed when a base is linked to a sugar molecule, usually a D-ribose or D-2’-deoxyribose by a B-N-glycosidic bond

A

Nucleoside

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14
Q

Suffix of a nucleoside with a pyrimidine base

A

-idine

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15
Q

Suffix of a nucleoside from a purine base

A

-osine

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16
Q

Prefix for deoxyribonucleosides

A

deoxy-

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17
Q

Prefix for ribonucleosides

A

No prefix

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18
Q

Nucleotides are formed by adding this to a nucleoside

A

Phosphate

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19
Q

Serves as the primary unit of heredity in organisms of all types

A

DNA

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20
Q

DNA is contained in the _____ of the nucleus

A

Chromosomes

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21
Q

The portion of the DNA molecule responsible for the synthesis of a single protein

A

Gene

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22
Q

Coding sequences

A

Exons

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23
Q

Non-coding sequences

A

Introns

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24
Q

Short nucleotide sequences that are repeated hundreds or thousands of times

A

Satellites

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25
Q

These are simple sequence tandem repeats (SSTRs)

A

Microsatellites

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26
Q

Caused from microsatellites being prone to replication errors that are normally repaired by the Mismatch Repair (MMR) system

A

Microsatellite instability

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27
Q

The gene for breast cancer

A

BRCA gene

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28
Q

Helps repair DNA breaks that can lead to cancer and the uncontrolled growth of tumors

A

Tumor suppressor gene

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29
Q

Found in the nucleus but not in chromosomes. Also found in the cytoplasm

A

RNA

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30
Q

Provides the site where polypeptides are assembled during protein synthesis

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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31
Q

Carries the information from DNA to the ribosome

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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32
Q

Brings specific amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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33
Q

Helps regulate the expression of other genes

A

Non-coding RNAs

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34
Q

Found in the nucleus only. DNA/RNA

A

DNA

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35
Q

Found in the nucleus and cytoplasm. DNA/RNA

A

RNA

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36
Q

ATGC bases. DNA/RNA

A

DNA

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37
Q

AUGC bases. DNA/RNA

A

RNA

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38
Q

Contains exons and introns. DNA/RNA

A

DNA

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39
Q

Contains exons only. DNA/RNA

A

RNA

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40
Q

A sequence of nucleotides consisting of the backbone of the molecule and the bases that are the side-chain groups

A

Primary structure

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41
Q

The DNA model was proposed by these two people in 1953

A

Watson and Crick

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42
Q

Consists of two polynucleotide strands that wind into a right-handed double helix (DNA)

A

Secondary structure

43
Q

DNA molecules are coiled around basic protein molecules called _____

A

Histones

44
Q

The acidic DNA and the basic histones combine to form _____

A

Nucleosomes

45
Q

Nucleosomes are further condensed into _____

A

Chromatin

46
Q

DNA complexed with histones and non-histone proteins

A

Chromatin

47
Q

Six nucleosomes form this repeating unit

A

Solenoid

48
Q

Chromatin fibers are organized into _____

A

Loops

49
Q

Loops are arranged into _____ to provide the superstructure of chromosomes

A

Minibands

50
Q

The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself when a cell divides

A

Replication

51
Q

Replication starts at the ____ _____

A

Replication fork

52
Q

Replication occurs in only one direction on the template strand. From the ___ end to the ___ end

A

3 to 5

53
Q

Continuous strand

A

Leading strand

54
Q

Strands of small fragments

A

Lagging strand

55
Q

small sections of DNA that are formed during discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication

A

Okazaki fragments

56
Q

Enzymes that relax the supercoiling in DNA strands. Unwinds only DNA

A

Topoisomerase

57
Q

Enzymes that separate the nucleic acid strands for replication and recombination

A

Helicase

58
Q

Enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers complementary to the DNA strand

A

DNA Primase

59
Q

Short fragments of RNA that initiate the synthesis of a new strand

A

RNA primers

60
Q

Enzymes that add nucleotides one by one to the growing DNA chain

A

DNA Polymerase

61
Q

A type of DNA polymerase that binds to the RNA primase and initiates DNA synthesis

A

DNA Pol ɑ (alpha)

62
Q

A type of DNA polymerase that repairs DNA

A

DNA Pol β (beta)

63
Q

A type of DNA polymerase that is responsible for mitochondrial DNA replication

A

DNA Pol ɣ (gamma)

64
Q

A type of DNA polymerase that synthesizes leading strands and fills DNA gaps after the removal of primers

A

DNA Pol δ (delta)

65
Q

A type of DNA polymerase that is responsible for DNA repair

A

DNA Pol ε (epsilon)

66
Q

Enzyme that seals the gaps between DNA fragments and links Okazaki fragments

A

Ligase

67
Q

Enzyme that removes RNA primers and nucleotide bases from the end of a DNA chain

A

Exonuclease

68
Q

The process of the synthesis of mRNA from DNA

A

Transcription

69
Q

The DNA splits into two strands. The _____ strand which is used to synthesize RNA, and the _____ strand which is not used

A

template, informational

70
Q

Transcription proceeds from the ___ end to the ___ end

A

3 to 5

71
Q

Enzymes that transcribe DNA into RNA

A

RNA polymerases

72
Q

It synthesizes the RNA strand in the ___ to ___ direction, while reading the template DNA strand in the ___ to ___ direction

A

5 to 3, 3 to 5

73
Q

The template DNA strand and RNA are _____

A

antiparallel

74
Q

The beginning stage of transcription. Transcription factors bind the promoter to help RNA

A

Initiation

75
Q

A region of DNA where transcription of a gene is initiated (TATA box)

A

Promoter

76
Q

The stage where the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand happens

A

Elongation

77
Q

The stage where sequences called terminators signal that the RNA transcript is complete

A

Termination

78
Q

The process of synthesis of proteins from RNA

A

Translation

79
Q

A sequence of three nucleotides (a triplet) codes for a specific amino acid

A

Codon

80
Q

The start codon

A

AUG

81
Q

The three stop codons

A

UAA, UGA, UAG

82
Q

If the anticodon on one tRNA which carries histidine to the site of protein synthesis is CAU, what is the codon and DNA?

A

GUA, CAT

83
Q

A change in the nucleotide sequence in a molecule of a DNA

A

Mutation

84
Q

When a mutation causes a protein deficiency or defection protein synthesis and this mutation is passed through generations, it is considered a _____ _____

A

Genetic disease

85
Q

This mutation is the substitution of one nucleotide for another

A

Point mutation

86
Q

The substitution changes the codon so that it corresponds to a different amino acid

A

Missense

87
Q

The substitution changes the codon so that it signals an early stop of translation

A

Nonsense

88
Q

A type of sickle cell disease (SCD) that affects the hemoglobin and red blood cells

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

89
Q

A group of inherited red blood cell disorders

A

Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)

90
Q

An inherited error of metabolism caused by a deficiency in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

91
Q

A genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness due to the alterations of a protein called dystrophin that helps keep muscle cells intact. Primarily affects boys

A

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)

92
Q

A type of mutation that has a negligible effect to the organism because the resulting amino acid is identical

A

Silent mutation

93
Q

A type of mutation that occurs when one or more nucleotides are lost from a DNA molecule

A

Deletion mutation

94
Q

A type of mutation that occurs when one or more nucleotides are added to a DNA molecule

A

Insertion or Frameshift mutation

95
Q

An inherited disorder that causes nerve cells (neurons) in parts of the brain to gradually break down and die. Typically appear in middle-aged people

A

Huntington’s Disease

96
Q

A chemical or physical phenomenon that promotes errors in DNA replication

A

Mutagens

97
Q

X-rays and UV light are what type of mutagens?

A

Physical

98
Q

(Intercalating agents, base analogues) Carcinogens, processed food and preservatives, cosmetic and cleaning products are what type of mutagens?

A

Chemical

99
Q

Transposons, virus and bacteria are what type of mutagens?

A

Biological

100
Q

Type of mutagen that causes carcinogenesis and tumor formation

A

Carcinogens

101
Q

Substances that cause chromosomal abnormalities (deletion, rearrangement). A type of mutagen

A

Clastongens

102
Q

An agent that causes congenital malformations. A type of mutagen

A

Teratogens

103
Q

Causes non-specific damage to the genetic material. A type of mutagen

A

Non-specific mutagens

Biochemistry Lecture (6 decks)

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