Nucleic Acids Flashcards
1
Q
Unbranched polymers composed of repeating monomers called nucleotides joined by phosphodiester bonds
A
Nucleic acids
2
Q
Stores the genetic information of an organism and transits that information from one generation to another
A
DNA
3
Q
Translates the genetic information contained in DNA into proteins needed for all cellular function
A
RNA
4
Q
Monomers that compose DNA and RNA
A
Nucleotides
5
Q
Organic molecules made up of nitrogen-containing ring structures. Heterocyclic aromatic amines
A
Nitrogenous base
6
Q
a 6-membered ring containing 2 nitrogen and 4 carbon
A
Pyrimidine
7
Q
a bicyclic structure containing 4 nitrogen and 5 carbon
A
Purine
8
Q
Contains AGCT. DNA/RNA
A
DNA
9
Q
Contains AGCU. DNA/RNA
A
RNA
10
Q
What type of sugar is in nucleotide
A
Aldopentose sugar
11
Q
The sugar in RNA
A
D-ribose
12
Q
The sugar in NDA
A
D-2-deoxyribose
13
Q
Formed when a base is linked to a sugar molecule, usually a D-ribose or D-2’-deoxyribose by a B-N-glycosidic bond
A
Nucleoside
14
Q
Suffix of a nucleoside with a pyrimidine base
A
-idine
15
Q
Suffix of a nucleoside from a purine base
A
-osine
16
Q
Prefix for deoxyribonucleosides
A
deoxy-
17
Q
Prefix for ribonucleosides
A
No prefix
18
Q
Nucleotides are formed by adding this to a nucleoside
A
Phosphate
19
Q
Serves as the primary unit of heredity in organisms of all types
A
DNA
20
Q
DNA is contained in the _____ of the nucleus
A
Chromosomes
21
Q
The portion of the DNA molecule responsible for the synthesis of a single protein
A
Gene
22
Q
Coding sequences
A
Exons
23
Q
Non-coding sequences
A
Introns
24
Q
Short nucleotide sequences that are repeated hundreds or thousands of times
A
Satellites
25
These are simple sequence tandem repeats (SSTRs)
Microsatellites
26
Caused from microsatellites being prone to replication errors that are normally repaired by the Mismatch Repair (MMR) system
Microsatellite instability
27
The gene for breast cancer
BRCA gene
28
Helps repair DNA breaks that can lead to cancer and the uncontrolled growth of tumors
Tumor suppressor gene
29
Found in the nucleus but not in chromosomes. Also found in the cytoplasm
RNA
30
Provides the site where polypeptides are assembled during protein synthesis
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
31
Carries the information from DNA to the ribosome
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
32
Brings specific amino acids to the ribosomes for protein synthesis
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
33
Helps regulate the expression of other genes
Non-coding RNAs
34
Found in the nucleus only. DNA/RNA
DNA
35
Found in the nucleus and cytoplasm. DNA/RNA
RNA
36
ATGC bases. DNA/RNA
DNA
37
AUGC bases. DNA/RNA
RNA
38
Contains exons and introns. DNA/RNA
DNA
39
Contains exons only. DNA/RNA
RNA
40
A sequence of nucleotides consisting of the backbone of the molecule and the bases that are the side-chain groups
Primary structure
41
The DNA model was proposed by these two people in 1953
Watson and Crick
42
Consists of two polynucleotide strands that wind into a right-handed double helix (DNA)
Secondary structure
43
DNA molecules are coiled around basic protein molecules called _____
Histones
44
The acidic DNA and the basic histones combine to form _____
Nucleosomes
45
Nucleosomes are further condensed into _____
Chromatin
46
DNA complexed with histones and non-histone proteins
Chromatin
47
Six nucleosomes form this repeating unit
Solenoid
48
Chromatin fibers are organized into _____
Loops
49
Loops are arranged into _____ to provide the superstructure of chromosomes
Minibands
50
The process by which DNA makes a copy of itself when a cell divides
Replication
51
Replication starts at the ____ _____
Replication fork
52
Replication occurs in only one direction on the template strand. From the ___ end to the ___ end
3 to 5
53
Continuous strand
Leading strand
54
Strands of small fragments
Lagging strand
55
small sections of DNA that are formed during discontinuous synthesis of the lagging strand during DNA replication
Okazaki fragments
56
Enzymes that relax the supercoiling in DNA strands. Unwinds only DNA
Topoisomerase
57
Enzymes that separate the nucleic acid strands for replication and recombination
Helicase
58
Enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers complementary to the DNA strand
DNA Primase
59
Short fragments of RNA that initiate the synthesis of a new strand
RNA primers
60
Enzymes that add nucleotides one by one to the growing DNA chain
DNA Polymerase
61
A type of DNA polymerase that binds to the RNA primase and initiates DNA synthesis
DNA Pol ɑ (alpha)
62
A type of DNA polymerase that repairs DNA
DNA Pol β (beta)
63
A type of DNA polymerase that is responsible for mitochondrial DNA replication
DNA Pol ɣ (gamma)
64
A type of DNA polymerase that synthesizes leading strands and fills DNA gaps after the removal of primers
DNA Pol δ (delta)
65
A type of DNA polymerase that is responsible for DNA repair
DNA Pol ε (epsilon)
66
Enzyme that seals the gaps between DNA fragments and links Okazaki fragments
Ligase
67
Enzyme that removes RNA primers and nucleotide bases from the end of a DNA chain
Exonuclease
68
The process of the synthesis of mRNA from DNA
Transcription
69
The DNA splits into two strands. The _____ strand which is used to synthesize RNA, and the _____ strand which is not used
template, informational
70
Transcription proceeds from the ___ end to the ___ end
3 to 5
71
Enzymes that transcribe DNA into RNA
RNA polymerases
72
It synthesizes the RNA strand in the ___ to ___ direction, while reading the template DNA strand in the ___ to ___ direction
5 to 3, 3 to 5
73
The template DNA strand and RNA are _____
antiparallel
74
The beginning stage of transcription. Transcription factors bind the promoter to help RNA
Initiation
75
A region of DNA where transcription of a gene is initiated (TATA box)
Promoter
76
The stage where the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand happens
Elongation
77
The stage where sequences called terminators signal that the RNA transcript is complete
Termination
78
The process of synthesis of proteins from RNA
Translation
79
A sequence of three nucleotides (a triplet) codes for a specific amino acid
Codon
80
The start codon
AUG
81
The three stop codons
UAA, UGA, UAG
82
If the anticodon on one tRNA which carries histidine to the site of protein synthesis is CAU, what is the codon and DNA?
GUA, CAT
83
A change in the nucleotide sequence in a molecule of a DNA
Mutation
84
When a mutation causes a protein deficiency or defection protein synthesis and this mutation is passed through generations, it is considered a _____ _____
Genetic disease
85
This mutation is the substitution of one nucleotide for another
Point mutation
86
The substitution changes the codon so that it corresponds to a different amino acid
Missense
87
The substitution changes the codon so that it signals an early stop of translation
Nonsense
88
A type of sickle cell disease (SCD) that affects the hemoglobin and red blood cells
Sickle Cell Anemia
89
A group of inherited red blood cell disorders
Sickle Cell Disease (SCD)
90
An inherited error of metabolism caused by a deficiency in the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
91
A genetic disorder characterized by progressive muscle degeneration and weakness due to the alterations of a protein called dystrophin that helps keep muscle cells intact. Primarily affects boys
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD)
92
A type of mutation that has a negligible effect to the organism because the resulting amino acid is identical
Silent mutation
93
A type of mutation that occurs when one or more nucleotides are lost from a DNA molecule
Deletion mutation
94
A type of mutation that occurs when one or more nucleotides are added to a DNA molecule
Insertion or Frameshift mutation
95
An inherited disorder that causes nerve cells (neurons) in parts of the brain to gradually break down and die. Typically appear in middle-aged people
Huntington's Disease
96
A chemical or physical phenomenon that promotes errors in DNA replication
Mutagens
97
X-rays and UV light are what type of mutagens?
Physical
98
(Intercalating agents, base analogues) Carcinogens, processed food and preservatives, cosmetic and cleaning products are what type of mutagens?
Chemical
99
Transposons, virus and bacteria are what type of mutagens?
Biological
100
Type of mutagen that causes carcinogenesis and tumor formation
Carcinogens
101
Substances that cause chromosomal abnormalities (deletion, rearrangement). A type of mutagen
Clastongens
102
An agent that causes congenital malformations. A type of mutagen
Teratogens
103
Causes non-specific damage to the genetic material. A type of mutagen
Non-specific mutagens
