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Biochemistry Lecture > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

1
Q

The study of enrgy

A

Energetics

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2
Q

The study of energy in living systems, environment and the organisms that utilize them

A

Bioenergetics

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3
Q

The sum of all the chemical reactions that takes place in an organism

A

Metabolism

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4
Q

The breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. Energy is released

A

Catabolism

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5
Q

The synthesis of large molecules from smaller ones. Energy is absorbed

A

Anabolism

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6
Q

The main energy currency for organisms

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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7
Q

A step by step series of interconnected biochemical reactions that convert substrate molecule/s through a series of metabolic intermediates, eventually yielding final product/s

A

Metabolic Pathway

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8
Q

The metabolic pathway that generates a final product different from any of the reactants. It involves the conversion of one compound through a series of intermediates to another compound

A

Linear Pathway

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9
Q

The metabolic pathway with a series of reactions that generates the first reaction and forms a closed loop

A

Cyclic Pathway

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10
Q

The metabolic pathway with nonlinear pathways that can arrive at a target compound through combinations of pathways that split compounds into smaller ones and join compounds into larger ones

A

Branched Pathway

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11
Q

The biosynthetic metabolic pathway wherein energy is required to form bonds. The reactions are concerned with building macromolecules from micro molecules

A

Anabolic Pathway

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12
Q

Reactants, intermediates and products are called _____

A

Metabolites

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13
Q

The metabolic pathway where chemical reactions that involve the breaking down of complex macromolecules into simpler micro molecules and the release of a large amount of bond energy

A

Catabolic Pathway

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14
Q

Photosynthesis. Anabolic/Catabolic?

A

Anabolic

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15
Q

The synthesis of glucose from CO2 and H2O

A

Photosynthesis

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16
Q

The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

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17
Q

The synthesis of glycogen primarily from glucose

A

Glycogeneis

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18
Q

The breakdown or oxidation of glucose

A

Glycolysis

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19
Q

The breakdown of fatty acid to acetyl CoA

A

Beta oxidation of fatty acid

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20
Q

The disposal of ammonia obtained from the de-animation of amino acid

A

Urea cycle

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21
Q

Beta oxidation of fatty acid. Anabolic/Catabolic?

A

Catabolic

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22
Q

Urea cycle. Anabolic/Catabolic?

A

Catabolic

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23
Q

It is a double membrane structure and possesses its own genome. It is also where energy production occurs

A

Mitochondria

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24
Q

Mitochondria are cytosolic organelles. True/False?

A

True

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25
Q

Mitochondria is paternally inherited. True/False?

A

False (maternal)

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26
Q

Mitochondria originated from symbiotic bacteria. True/False?

A

True

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27
Q

What is the first stage of metabolism?

A

Digestion

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28
Q

What is the second stage of metabolism?

A

Formation of Acetyl CoA

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29
Q

What is the third stage of metabolism?

A

Citric Acid Cycle

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30
Q

What is the fourth stage of metabolism?

A

Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

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31
Q

Amylase is responsible for the digestion of what type of macromolecule?

A

Carbohydrates

32
Q

Pepsin is responsible for the digestion of what type of macromolecule?

A

Proteins

33
Q

Trypsin is responsible for the digestion of what type of macromolecule?

A

Proteins

34
Q

Lipases are responsible for the digestion of what type of macromolecule?

A

Lipids

35
Q

The digestion of carbohydrates begin at which part of the body?

A

Mouth

36
Q

The digestion of lipids begin at which part of the body?

A

Small Intestine

37
Q

The digestion of proteins begin at which part of the body?

A

Stomach

38
Q

A small molecule made of 2 carbon, 3 hydrogen and 1 oxygen atoms

A

Acetyl

39
Q

A cofactor involved in cellular oxidative pathways including fatty acid β-oxidation, carbohydrate and amino acid oxidations, and Krebs cycle. It is synthesized from pantothenic acid

A

Coenzyme A (CoA)

40
Q

It is a component of cellular respiration that adds acetyl groups to biochemical reactions. It is synthesized in the mitochondria

A

Acetyl CoA

41
Q

Transports long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix for β-oxidation and energy production

A

Carnitine Shuttle

42
Q

Citrate synthesized from oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA is transported from mitochondria to the cytosol via the tricarboxylate anion carrier system and cleaved to yield acetyl-CoA and oxaloacetate

A

Citrate-Malate Shuttle

43
Q

Acetyl CoA formation occurs in the mitochondrial matrix through a process called ___-___

A

beta-oxidation

44
Q

What are the other names for citric acid cycle?

A

Krebs cycle or Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

45
Q

This cycle metabolizes acetate derived from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats to form ATP. It takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria and is an aerobic process and the main electron donor of the ETC (electron transport chain)

A

Citric Acid Cycle

46
Q

It is a cyclic metabolic pathway that begins with the addition of acetyl-CoA to a four-carbon substrate and ends when the same substrate is formed as a product 8 steps later. Also the final common pathway for the oxidation of all biomolecules

A

Citric Acid Cycle

47
Q

The citric acid cycle produces these four products

A

2 CO2, 1 GTP/ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2

48
Q

It is a nucleotide and energy carrier. It is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level

A

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

49
Q

The hydrolysis of ATP cleaves what?

A

1 phosphate group

50
Q

ATP hydrolysis forms what products?

A

ADP and hydrogen phosphate

51
Q

ATP hydrolysis is what type of reaction?

A

Exergonic reaction

52
Q

ATP hydrolysis releases __.__ kcal/mol of energy

A

7.3

53
Q

The reaction in which a phosphate group is added to ADP

A

ATP Phosphorylation

54
Q

These are pairs of reactions that occur together. The energy released by one reaction is absorbed by the other reaction

A

Coupled Reactions

55
Q

GEROA

A

Gain of electrons REDUCTION oxidizing agent

56
Q

Happens when an oxidizing agent gains H+ and e- (hydrogen/electron)

A

Reduction

57
Q

Happens when a reducing agent loses H+ and e-

A

Oxidation

58
Q

LEORA

A

Loss of electron OXIDATION reducing agent

59
Q

An oxidizing agent derived from Niacin (vitamin B3) and is often found with a “dehydrogenase” enzyme

A

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)

60
Q

The oxidized state of NAD

A

NAD+

61
Q

The reduced state of NAD

A

NADH

62
Q

A reaction that removes two hydrogens

A

Dehydrogenase reaction

63
Q

An oxidizing agent derived from riboflavin (vitamin B2) and works with a dehydrogenase enzyme

A

Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

64
Q

The oxidized state of FAD

A

still FAD

65
Q

The reduced state of FAD

A

FADH2

66
Q

Delivers hydrogens and electrons to biochemical processes that can use the electrons and hydrogens to make ATP

A

FADH2 (and NADH)

67
Q

It is neither an oxidizing nor reducing agent. It is formed when an acetyl group reacts with a sulfhydryl end

A

Coenzyme A

68
Q

A metabolic pathway in which electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors in redox reactions. The energy used to transfer the phosphate group results from the oxidation of the coenzymes

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

69
Q

A component of oxidative phosphorylation where electrons are passed from one molecule to another

A

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

70
Q

A component of oxidative phosphorylation in which the energy stored in the gradient is used to make ATP. It refers to the movement of hydrogen ions across the membrane via ATP synthase

A

Chemiosmosis

71
Q

It is a series of electron transporters embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that shuttles electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen

A

Electron Transport Chain

72
Q

It is the last component of aerobic respiration and is the only part of glucose metabolism that uses atmospheric oxygen. It occurs along the mitochondrial inner membrane

A

Electron Transport Chain

73
Q

The process of ATP synthesis using “free energy” obtained through the passing-on of electrons to several carriers (ETC)

A

Chemiosmosis

74
Q

The citric acid cycle produces how many ATP?

A

10 ATP

75
Q

(3) NADH = ? ATP
(1) FADH2 = ? ATP
(1) GTP = ? ATP

A

2.5 ATP
1.5 ATP
1 ATP

76
Q
A

Biochemistry Lecture (6 decks)

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