nucleic acids

Question 1

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 1

Nucleic acids are biopolymers essential for all known forms of life, primarily DNA and RNA.

Question 2

What is the structure of DNA?

Answer 2

DNA has a double helix structure composed of two strands of nucleotides.

Question 3

What are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA?

Answer 3

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C), and Guanine (G).

Question 4

True or False: RNA contains Thymine.

Answer 4

False. RNA contains Uracil (U) instead of Thymine.

Question 5

Fill in the blank: The sugar in DNA is called _____ .

Answer 5

deoxyribose.

Question 6

What is the primary function of DNA?

Answer 6

The primary function of DNA is to store and transmit genetic information.

Question 7

What is the role of RNA in cells?

Answer 7

RNA plays several roles, including coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.

Question 8

Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome?

Answer 8

Transfer RNA (tRNA).

Question 9

What is the process of copying DNA into RNA called?

Answer 9

Transcription.

Question 10

What is the process of translating RNA into a protein called?

Answer 10

Translation.

Question 11

True or False: DNA replication is a conservative process.

Answer 11

False. DNA replication is semi-conservative.

Question 12

What enzyme is primarily responsible for DNA replication?

Answer 12

DNA polymerase.

Question 13

What are the building blocks of nucleic acids?

Answer 13

Nucleotides.

Question 14

What three components make up a nucleotide?

Answer 14

A phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.

Question 15

Which nitrogenous bases are purines?

Answer 15

Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).

Question 16

Which nitrogenous bases are pyrimidines?

Answer 16

Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Uracil (U).

Question 17

Fill in the blank: The two strands of DNA are held together by _____ bonds.

Answer 17

hydrogen.

Question 18

What is the role of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

Answer 18

mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

Question 19

True or False: RNA is usually double-stranded.

Answer 19

False. RNA is usually single-stranded.

Question 20

What is the significance of the 5’ and 3’ ends of a DNA strand?

Answer 20

They indicate the directionality of the DNA strand, with 5’ being the start and 3’ the end.

Question 21

What is a codon?

Answer 21

A codon is a sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid.

Question 22

What is the function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

Answer 22

rRNA forms the core of the ribosome’s structure and catalyzes protein synthesis.

Question 23

True or False: All organisms use the same genetic code.

Answer 23

True, with few exceptions.

Question 24

What is a mutation?

Answer 24

A mutation is a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.

Question 25

What is the term for the regions of DNA that do not code for proteins?

Answer 25

Non-coding regions or introns.

Question 26

What is the significance of the genetic code being degenerate?

Answer 26

It means that multiple codons can code for the same amino acid, providing redundancy.

Question 27

Fill in the blank: The process of modifying RNA after transcription is called _____ .

Answer 27

RNA splicing.

Question 28

what elements are nucleic acids made of

Answer 28

carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,phosphorous and nitrogen

Question 29

what are the two nucleotides we study

Answer 29

dna and rna nucleotides

Question 30

tell me the structure of an dna nucleotide

Answer 30

-pentose sugar-deoxyribose as well as a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

Question 31

what are the four possible nitrogenous bases for a dna nucleotide

Answer 31

-adenine -thymine -guanine -cytosine

Question 32

what is the structure of a rna nucleotide

Answer 32

-pentose sugar-ribose,phosphate group and a nitrogenous base

Question 33

what are the four possible nitrogenous bases for a rna nucleotide

Answer 33

-uracil,adenine ,cytosine and guanine

Question 34

compare a dna nucleotide with a rna nucleotide

Answer 34

similarities -both have a nitrogenous base -both have a pentose sugar -both have one phosphate group Difference in a dna nucleotide the pentose sugar is deoxyribose ,in rna nucleotide its ribose -in an rna nucleotide the thymine nitrogenous base is replaced by uracil

Question 35

how does deoxyribose differ from ribose

Answer 35

missing an oxygen on the second carbon

Question 36

how does a polynucleotide form

Answer 36

in a condensation reaction,the phosphate group of one nucleotide interacts with the deoxyribose sugar on of the next to form a polydiester bond ,releasing a water molecule in the process

Question 37

what are the two classes of nitrogenous bases

Answer 37

purines and puramidines

Question 38

describe the structure of dna

Answer 38

-phosphate groups and deoxyribose sugars form the sugar phosphate backbone -phosphodiester bonds form ,results in a polynucleotide chain -dna concists of two antiparallel polypetide chains bonded by h bonds that occur between complimentary base pairs to form the dna molecule -the polynucleotide chains are twisted to form a double helix

Question 39

how do you distinguish between a purine and a pyramidine

Answer 39

a purine has a two carbon ring structure whereas a pyramidine has a one carbon ring structure

Question 40

what nitrogenous bases are purines

Answer 40

adenine and guanine

Question 41

what nitrogenous bases are pyramidines

Answer 41

cytosine thymine and uracil

Question 42

what forms the sugar phosphate backbone

Answer 42

phosphate groups and pentose sugars

Question 43

role of dna

Answer 43

stores genetic information

Question 44

describe how the sugar phosphate backbone is formed

Answer 44

in a condensation reaction between the phosphate group of one nucleotide,the deoxyribose sugar of the the next where phosphodiester bonds are formed

Question 45

what hold the double helix structure of dna

Answer 45

the h bonds that form between complimentary base pairs

Question 46

which bases form h bonds

Answer 46

adenine with thymine in dna and adenine with uracil in rna cytosine and guanine

Question 47

how many h bonds does a and t or a and u form

Answer 47

2

Question 48

how many h bonds does c and g form

Answer 48

3

Question 49

is it true that adenine amouns always qual thymine aand that cytosine amounts always equal guanine

Answer 49

yes

Question 50

role of messeger rna

Answer 50

-transfers gentic onformation from thr dna molecule to the ribosome

Question 51

role of transfer rna

Answer 51

brings specific amino acids to the ribosome- what a codon codes for

Question 52

role of ribosomal rna

Answer 52

part of the ribosome itself along with proteins

Question 53

explain the base pairing rule

Question 54

explain how the dna structure is adapted for its role

Question 55

explain dna extraction

Question 56

why do you grind the sample

Question 57

why do you add detergent

Question 58

why do you add alcohol

Question 59

why should the temp be kept low