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carbohydrates Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

what elements are carbohydrates made of

A

C,H,O

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2
Q

what are the two types of sugars distinguished by

A

they are distinguished by their ability to donate electrons

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2
Q

what is the monomer of carbohydrates called

A

monosaccharide

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3
Q

what are the two types of sugars

A

-reducing sugars
-non-reducing sugars

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4
Q

what are reducing sugars and how can they be detected

A

Reducing sugars are sugars which can donate electrons, becoming a reducing agent as they reduce something else while they are oxidised

We can detect reducing sugars using the Benedict’s test.We can detect the reducing sugars as they reduce the blue,soluble copper sulfate into brick-red insoluble copper oxide

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4
Q

what are non-reducing sugars

A

they are sugars which can’t donate electrons so don’t become oxidised

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5
Q

why do glucose and fructose have different properties despite having the same molecular formula

A

they have a different arrangement of atoms in space which gives them slightly different properties

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6
Q

can non-reducing sugars be detected using Benedict’s testtge

A

no,non reducinjg sugars give a negative result on a Benedic’t test

However,
If we first hydrolysed the glycosidic bond,breaking the disaccharide into two monosaccharides,it will then give a positive result on the Benedict test .

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7
Q

what determines the type of monosaccharide that is formed

A

the number of carbon atoms present

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7
Q

what are trioses

A

monosaccharides with 3 carbon atoms

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8
Q

what are hexoses

A

monosaccharides with 6 carbon atoms

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9
Q

what are pentoses

A

monosaccharides with 5 carbon atoms

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10
Q

give me an example for a hexose sugar and state its formula

A

glucose ,C6H12O6

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11
Q

what is an isomer

A

molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms in space

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11
Q

glucose has 2 isomers what are they known as

A

-alpha glucose
-beta glucose

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12
Q

what is the similarity between the two isomers

A

have the same molecular formula

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13
Q

what is the role of glucose in cells

A

glucose used as an energy source, release energy during cellular respiration which is used for the production of ATP

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14
Q

what is the difference between the two isomers

A

they have a different arrangement of atoms in space

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15
Q

give me properties of glucose

A

soluble in water,thus can dissolve in the cytosol of cells and be easily transported
-small
-hexagonal ring structure

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16
Q

what is a cheat code for knowing what is soluble in water

A

-anuthing that has pola rgroups like OH,C=O,as polar solvents can interat with them forming hydrogen bonds/dipole dipole interactions allowing the molecule to dissolve

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16
Q

why is glycose soluble and how does it dissolve in water

A

glucose is soluble and able to dissolve in water due to the hydrogen bonds that form between the hydroxyl polar groups in glucose and water molecules

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17
Q

what is the structural difference between beta glucose and alpha glucose

A

the hydroxyl group on the first carbon is located in different positions.In beta glucose in located above the ring,whereas in alpha glucose in located below the ring

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17
Q

can hydrocarbons dissolve in water

A

no,they dissolve in non-polar solvents like organic solvents

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17
Q

when does glucose form a hexagonal ring structure

A

in aqueous solutions,so in the cytosol of cells,in the eblood

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18
Q

what is the structural difference between them

A

deoxyribose has lost one oxygen atom,on the second carbon

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19
Q

draw me both alpha and beta glucose

A
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19
Q

give me 2 examples of pentose sugars

A

-ribose
-deoxyribose

20
Q

where is ribose present

A

in RNA,more specifically in the nucleotides that make up RNA

20
Q

where is deoxyribose present

A

in DNA,more specifically in the nucleotides that make up DNA

21
Q

are all monosaccharides reducing sugars

A

yes

22
Q

draw me ribose and deoxyribose

A
23
Q

are carbohydrates polar

A

yes

24
Q

How is a glycosidic bond formed

A

-two hydroxyl groups on two different monosaccharides interact to form a glycosidic bond,in the process removing one molecule of water in a condensation reaction

-the reaction is catalysed by enzymes specific to which the oh groups are interacting

25
Q

What is the glycosidic bond in maltose

A

alpha 1,4 glucosidic bond

26
Q

why are monosacchrides converted ti disccharides and polysaccharides

A

dissaccharides and polyssaccharides are better suited for storage,transport and they have less influence on a cells osmolarity

27
Q

what is the glycosidic bond in sucrose

A

alpha 1,2 glycosidic bond

27
Q

what are the different types of glycosidic bonds

A

-1,2
-1,4
-1,6
and they can be either alpha or beta glycosidic bonds depending on the isomer of glucose used to build up the dissaccharide/polysaccharide

27
Q

What is meant by osmolarity

A

refers to the concentration of solues inside a cell compared to outside the cell

28
Q

how is water released

A

-a hydroxyl group on one monosaccharide bonds with a hydrogen atom on another monosaccharide to release a molecule of water

28
Q

How is the glycosidic bond broken

A

water is added to break the glycosidic bond in a hydrolysis reactions
as a result, the disaccharide is broken down into two separate monosaccharides

-enzymes catalyse the reaction

29
Q

what is the glycosidic bond in glycogen

A

alpha 1,1 and alpha 1,6 glycosidic bond

29
Q

what is the bond in lactose

A

beta,1,4 glycosidic bond

29
Q

glycosidic bond in starch,in amylopectin

A

alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glycosidic bond

30
Q

what is the glycosidic bond in cellulose

A

beta 1,4 glycosidic bond

31
Q

what is the glycosidic bond in starch ,in amylose

A

alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond

32
Q

what is maltose made of

A

alpha glucose and alpha glucose

32
Q

what is sucrose made of

A

alpha glucose and fructose

33
Q

what is lactose made of

A

alpha glucose and galactose

34
Q

is it true that all disaccharides are crystalline soluble and sweet

A

yes

35
Q

What is the formula for all dissaccharides

A

C12H22O11

36
Q

role of maltose

A

source of energy in germinating seeds

and it is the sugar formed in the production or breakdown of starch

37
Q

talk about starch

A

-storage polysaccharide in plants
-present in leaves and seeds
-stored in the form of insoluble granules, which are present in amyloplasts/chloroplasts in plants

Starch is composed of two polysaccharides.

amylose -10-30percent
amylopectin-70-90percent

37
Q

role of sucrose

A

it is the sugar in plants

plants convert the glucose they make during photosynthesis into sucrose to be more easily transport in their phloem

38
Q

role of lactose

A

sugar present in mammals milk

39
Q

what can we do to make sucrose give a positive result in a benedict test

A

first, heat sucrose in hydrochloric acid, which provides the water required to break the glycosidic bond and convert sucrose into the two monosaccharides alpha glucose and fructose which give a positive result in a benedict test

40
Q

talk about cellulose

A

-cellulose is the main component of cell walls in plants
-it provides strength to the plant cell, making it able to withstand turgor pressure

-cellulose is made of many long chains of beta glucose which are joined by beta 1,4 glucosidic bonds

-The hydroxyl groups on consecutive beta glucose molecules are too far to interact and form 1,4 glycosidic bonds thus consecutive beta glucose molecules must be inverted 180 degrees to each other to be able to form the beta 1,4 glucosidic bonds

This results ina straight-chain molecule cellulose

The many straight cellulose chains combined together through hydrogen bonds to form microfibrils which makes cellulose very strong and gives it high tensile strength, meaning it can be stretched without being broken,allowing it to withstand turgot pressure

The fibres wrap around the plant cell in multiple layers,the first layer of fibres is arranged randomly,the second is arranged in a more organised manner
THESE CELLULOSE FIBRES IS WHAT MAKES THE CELL WALL
This gives cell walls extra strength allowing them to provide support to the whole plant

41
Q

talk about glycogen

A

-storage polysaccharide in animals and fungi
-glycogen is stored in muscle in liver cells and is present in high concentration so much so that it is seen as visible grains
-This is vital because those cells undergo a high rate of respiration due their high metabolic demands which in turn comes from animals being highly mobile

glycogen cosists of a long chain mad of alpha glucose molecules joined together by alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds.In glycogen the 1,6 bonds are quire frequent resulting in a highly branched molecule

-The many branches make glycogen compact so can store more in less space
-many branches result in many free ends for glucose addition/release when needed

-this speeds up glucose hydrolysis
-high as for enzyme sot attach to
-insoluble so no osmotic effect on cells

42
Q

how does the structure of glycogen differ from amylopectin to make it better suited for storage

A

-glycogen has more branches than amylopectrin which make sit more compact so can store moe in less pace,this less space is needed for storage

-highly brnached so has more free ends for the release /addition of glucose when needed which in turn speeds up the hydrolysis of glucose during respiration

42
Q

what makes a polysaccharide good for storage

A

-compact

-insoluble, so has has no osmotic effect on cells , meaning that it doesn’t lower the water potential of cells like glucose causing water to enter by osmosis

43
Q

why do mammals store glycogen instead of glucose

A

-glycogen is insoluble so has no osmotic effect on cells

-glycogen is highly branched so has many free ends for glucose release/addition when needed

-many branches so compact meaning that it can store loads in small space

44
Q

talk about amylose

A

long chain which consist of alpha glucose molecules joined together by alpha 1,4 glycosidic bonds
The angle of the bond causes the chain to twist to form a helix shape which is stabilised by hydrogen bonds present with the helix shape

The helix shape makes amylose compact so loads can be stores in a smaller space ,it also make it less soluble so it can withstand digestion

amylose has only 2 free ends for release/addition of glucose when needed ,so it provides only a small SA for amylase enzymes to attract to and catalyse the hydrolysis of amylose back to glucose

-but that is suited as plants are not very mobile so have lower metabolic demands,thus lower rate of respiration so not as much glucose needed

45
Q

talk about amylopectin

A

long chain that consist of alpha glucose molecules joined together by alpha 1,4 and alpha 1,6 glycosidic bonds,resulting in branched molecules

The many branches mean that amylopectin has many free ends for the release/addition of glucose when needed resulting in faster hydrolysis back to glucose
-Higher SA for em=nzymes to attach to

-the many branches make it compact so can store loads in smaller space

-insoluble so no osmotic effect on cells

46
Q

What reaction make up disaccharides and polysaccharides

A

condensation

46
Q

What reaction break down disaccharides and polysaccharides

A

hydrolysis

47
Q

which is sweeter glucose or fructose

A

fructose

48
Q

which is sweeter glucose or galactose

A

glucose

49
Q

what controls the storga enad breakdown of glycogen in liver and muscle cells

A

the hormones insulin and glycagon

biological molecules (14 decks)

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