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biological molecules > Monomers and Polymers > Flashcards

Monomers and Polymers Flashcards

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Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a monomer? give examples

A

They are single subunits that combine/bond with other subunits by covalent bonds to form more complex structures like polymers and micromolecules

-glycerol, monosaccharides,amino acids, fatty acids

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2
Q

What is a polymer? give examples

A

A long-chain molecule comprising many identical monomers joined together by covalent bonds in a repeating pattern which occurs via polymerisation.

-polymers are made of the same repeating units

-proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids

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3
Q

What is polymerisation? Explain how it works.

A

polymerisation is the process of making polymers,

during polymerisation, monomers bind to the same subunits to form a chain of a repeating pattern

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4
Q

Difference between macromolecules and polymers

why are all polymers macromolecules,but not all macromolecules are polymers

A

Macromolecules are still made of monomers,however,

-they aren’t made of identical repeating subunits,

-whereas polymers are made of monomers that bond to repeating subunits to create a repeating patterned chain

-They are instead made up of different single subunits(glycerol and fatty acids) joined together in a non-repeating pattern.

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5
Q

How is a covalent bond formed?

A

When two monomers are close enough top each other their route orbitals overlap,which results in their electrons being shared and a covalent bond forming
-if more than monomers are added polymerisation occurs
-depending on whether the electrons are shared equally or unequally, the covalent bond can be either polar or non-polar

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6
Q

Explain a condensation reaction.

-involves building up molecules so anabolic reaction

A

-During a condensation reaction, one molecule of water is removed

-and a covalent bond is created

-causing monomers to combine together

-
and form complex structures like polymers/macromolecules

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7
Q

Explain the types of covalent bonds

A
  • a polar covalent bond occurs when the electron pair shared between the two atoms is shared unequally-usually because one of the atoms is more electronegative than the other

-A non-polar covalent bond occurs when an electron pair is shared equally between the two bonded atoms as they have the same/similar electronegativities

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8
Q

Explain a hydrolysis reaction

-hydrolysis reaction essentually involve breaking down of molecules-catabolic reaction

A

-a hydrolysis reaction requires the addition of water

-to break the covalent bonds present between monomers and

-break down the complex structures into individual monomers

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9
Q

what is the name of the covalent bond in carbohydrates.draw it

A

glycosidic bond

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10
Q

what is the name of the covalent bond in proteins.draw it

A

peptide bond

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11
Q

what is the name of the covalent bond in lipids.draw it

A

ester bond

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12
Q

what is the name of the covalent bond in nucleic acids

A

phosphodiester bond

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13
Q

what are the three types of carbohydrates

A

-monosaccharides(monomer)
-disaccharides
-polysaccharides

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14
Q

what are the types of lipids

A

-phospholipids
-steroids like cholesterol
-triglycerides -fats and oils

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15
Q

define a monosaccharide

A

single sugar monomer of carbohydrates

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16
Q

what type of sugar are all monosaccharides

A

reducing

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17
Q

definition for disaccharides

A

A sugar formed when two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond in a condensation reaction

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18
Q

examples of disaccharides and how do they form

A

lactose-a glycose and galactose
-sucrose -a glucose and fructose
-maltose-a glucose and a glucose

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19
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

-glucose
-ribose

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20
Q

functions of disaccharides

A

-lactose = sugar found in mammals milk

-sucrose= the sugar in plants, form in which plants store their sugar so it is easier to transport in the phloem

-maltose= sugar contained in germinating seeds

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21
Q

definition for polysaccharide

A

it is a polymer made of many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds in a condensation reaction

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22
Q

Examples of polysaccharides and fhow do they form

A

-starch-a glycose in the form of amylose and amylopectin
-glycogen-a glucose
-cellulose- made of beta glucose

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23
Q

functions of polysaccharides

A

-starch=store of energy in plants
-glycogen-store of energy in animals
-cellulose-structurally important

24
Q

what elements are carbohydrates made of

A

C,H,O

25
Q

What are the different function of carbohydrates and give examples

A

-store of energy-starch in plants and glycogen in animals
-source of energy-glucose used to release energy during cellular respirartion to then produce ATP
-structurally important-cellulose in cell wall of plants

26
Q

what elements are lipids made of

A

C,H,O

27
Q

give an example of a steroid

A

cholesterol

28
Q

what are triglycerides

A

oils and fats

29
Q

functions of lipids

A

-store of energy-lipid droplets in plants and fat in adipose tissue in animals

-source of energy

-structurally important-main component of biological membranes

-act as a thermal insulation layer under the skin of mammals,electrical insulation around nerve cells

30
Q

What elements are proteins made of

A

C,H,O,N and sometimes S

31
Q

functions of proteins with examples

A

-cell growth
-cell repair
-replacing biological material
-structurally important in muscles,elastin,collagen
-acts as carrier molecules in cell membranes,as antibodies,enzymes ,hormones

32
Q

What elements are nucleic acids made of

A

C,H,O,N in the form of a base and P in the form of a phosphate group

33
Q

What are the two nucleic acids

A

DNA and RNA

34
Q

functions of nucleic acids

A

-carry the genetic code of all living organism

-involved in the control of cellular processes like protein synthesis

35
Q

differences between a hydrolysis and a condensation reaction

A

hydrolysis
-covalent bond broken
-water added
-polymer broken apart

condensation
-covalent bond formed
-water removed
-polymer formed

36
Q

What are the five biological molecules that are contained in all living organisms

A

-carbohydrates
-proteins
-nucleic acids
-lipids
-water

37
Q

what is the difference between polymers and macromolecules

A

-macromolecules aren’t made of small repeating subunits of monomers like polymers

-They instead made up of different base units(glycerol and fatty acids) which are joined together in a non-repeating pattern

38
Q

how are monomers formed?

A

Carbon atoms can combine to form small subunits called monomers.

39
Q

What happens in a condensation reaction

A

-covalent bonds are created
-monomers combine to form polymers/macromolecules
-water is removed

40
Q

what is a condensation reaction, also known as?

A

dehydration and synthesis

41
Q

is hydrolysis anabolic or catabolic

A

catabolic

42
Q

Is condensation catabolic or anabolic

A

anabolic

43
Q

What key things happen in a hydrolysis reaction

A

-water is added
-covalent bonds are broken
-complex structures broken down into individual monomers

44
Q

why are lipids macromolecules, not polymer

A

-fatty acids join to a glycerol molecule not each other,so do not consist of a repeating patterned chain like polymers

45
Q

are monosaccharides reducing or non-reducing sugars

A

reducing sugars ,meaning they are able to donate electrons

46
Q

function of monosaccharides

A

-source of energy in respiration
-a building block for polymers

47
Q

difference in the composition of lipids and carbohydrates

A

-lipids are consist of a low proportion of oxygen compared to carbohydrates

48
Q

types of lipids

A

-steroids
-phospholipids
-triglycerides

49
Q

what is respiration

A

when oxygen is used to break down food molecules and get chemicals energy

50
Q

what is the name of the polymer in nucleic acids

A

nucleotides

50
Q

what is the name of the monomer in carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

50
Q

what is the name of the monomer in proteins

A

amino acids

51
Q

what is the name of the polymer in carbohydrates

A

polysaccharides

52
Q
A
52
Q

what is the polymer in nucelic acids

A

polynucleotides

53
Q

what is the polymer in proteins

A

polypeptides

54
Q

why are condensation reaction and hydrolysis reactions important

A

Condensation reactions are important in building up large molecules e.g. glucose to glycogen for storage.

Hydrolysis reactions are important in breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble molecules e.g. glycogen to glucose for respiration.

biological molecules (14 decks)

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