Monomers and Polymers Flashcards
What is a monomer? give examples
They are single subunits that combine/bond with other subunits by covalent bonds to form more complex structures like polymers and micromolecules
-glycerol, monosaccharides,amino acids, fatty acids
What is a polymer? give examples
A long-chain molecule comprising many identical monomers joined together by covalent bonds in a repeating pattern which occurs via polymerisation.
-polymers are made of the same repeating units
-proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids
What is polymerisation? Explain how it works.
polymerisation is the process of making polymers,
during polymerisation, monomers bind to the same subunits to form a chain of a repeating pattern
Difference between macromolecules and polymers
why are all polymers macromolecules,but not all macromolecules are polymers
Macromolecules are still made of monomers,however,
-they aren’t made of identical repeating subunits,
-whereas polymers are made of monomers that bond to repeating subunits to create a repeating patterned chain
-They are instead made up of different single subunits(glycerol and fatty acids) joined together in a non-repeating pattern.
How is a covalent bond formed?
When two monomers are close enough top each other their route orbitals overlap,which results in their electrons being shared and a covalent bond forming
-if more than monomers are added polymerisation occurs
-depending on whether the electrons are shared equally or unequally, the covalent bond can be either polar or non-polar
Explain a condensation reaction.
-involves building up molecules so anabolic reaction
-During a condensation reaction, one molecule of water is removed
-and a covalent bond is created
-causing monomers to combine together
-
and form complex structures like polymers/macromolecules
Explain the types of covalent bonds
- a polar covalent bond occurs when the electron pair shared between the two atoms is shared unequally-usually because one of the atoms is more electronegative than the other
-A non-polar covalent bond occurs when an electron pair is shared equally between the two bonded atoms as they have the same/similar electronegativities
Explain a hydrolysis reaction
-hydrolysis reaction essentually involve breaking down of molecules-catabolic reaction
-a hydrolysis reaction requires the addition of water
-to break the covalent bonds present between monomers and
-break down the complex structures into individual monomers
what is the name of the covalent bond in carbohydrates.draw it
glycosidic bond
what is the name of the covalent bond in proteins.draw it
peptide bond
what is the name of the covalent bond in lipids.draw it
ester bond
what is the name of the covalent bond in nucleic acids
phosphodiester bond
what are the three types of carbohydrates
-monosaccharides(monomer)
-disaccharides
-polysaccharides
what are the types of lipids
-phospholipids
-steroids like cholesterol
-triglycerides -fats and oils
define a monosaccharide
single sugar monomer of carbohydrates
what type of sugar are all monosaccharides
reducing
definition for disaccharides
A sugar formed when two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond in a condensation reaction
examples of disaccharides and how do they form
lactose-a glycose and galactose
-sucrose -a glucose and fructose
-maltose-a glucose and a glucose
examples of monosaccharides
-glucose
-ribose
functions of disaccharides
-lactose = sugar found in mammals milk
-sucrose= the sugar in plants, form in which plants store their sugar so it is easier to transport in the phloem
-maltose= sugar contained in germinating seeds
definition for polysaccharide
it is a polymer made of many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds in a condensation reaction
Examples of polysaccharides and fhow do they form
-starch-a glycose in the form of amylose and amylopectin
-glycogen-a glucose
-cellulose- made of beta glucose
functions of polysaccharides
-starch=store of energy in plants
-glycogen-store of energy in animals
-cellulose-structurally important
what elements are carbohydrates made of
C,H,O
What are the different function of carbohydrates and give examples
-store of energy-starch in plants and glycogen in animals
-source of energy-glucose used to release energy during cellular respirartion to then produce ATP
-structurally important-cellulose in cell wall of plants
what elements are lipids made of
C,H,O
give an example of a steroid
cholesterol
what are triglycerides
oils and fats
functions of lipids
-store of energy-lipid droplets in plants and fat in adipose tissue in animals
-source of energy
-structurally important-main component of biological membranes
-act as a thermal insulation layer under the skin of mammals,electrical insulation around nerve cells
What elements are proteins made of
C,H,O,N and sometimes S
functions of proteins with examples
-cell growth
-cell repair
-replacing biological material
-structurally important in muscles,elastin,collagen
-acts as carrier molecules in cell membranes,as antibodies,enzymes ,hormones
What elements are nucleic acids made of
C,H,O,N in the form of a base and P in the form of a phosphate group
What are the two nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
functions of nucleic acids
-carry the genetic code of all living organism
-involved in the control of cellular processes like protein synthesis
differences between a hydrolysis and a condensation reaction
hydrolysis
-covalent bond broken
-water added
-polymer broken apart
condensation
-covalent bond formed
-water removed
-polymer formed
What are the five biological molecules that are contained in all living organisms
-carbohydrates
-proteins
-nucleic acids
-lipids
-water
what is the difference between polymers and macromolecules
-macromolecules aren’t made of small repeating subunits of monomers like polymers
-They instead made up of different base units(glycerol and fatty acids) which are joined together in a non-repeating pattern
how are monomers formed?
Carbon atoms can combine to form small subunits called monomers.
What happens in a condensation reaction
-covalent bonds are created
-monomers combine to form polymers/macromolecules
-water is removed
what is a condensation reaction, also known as?
dehydration and synthesis
is hydrolysis anabolic or catabolic
catabolic
Is condensation catabolic or anabolic
anabolic
What key things happen in a hydrolysis reaction
-water is added
-covalent bonds are broken
-complex structures broken down into individual monomers
why are lipids macromolecules, not polymer
-fatty acids join to a glycerol molecule not each other,so do not consist of a repeating patterned chain like polymers
are monosaccharides reducing or non-reducing sugars
reducing sugars ,meaning they are able to donate electrons
function of monosaccharides
-source of energy in respiration
-a building block for polymers
difference in the composition of lipids and carbohydrates
-lipids are consist of a low proportion of oxygen compared to carbohydrates
types of lipids
-steroids
-phospholipids
-triglycerides
what is respiration
when oxygen is used to break down food molecules and get chemicals energy
what is the name of the polymer in nucleic acids
nucleotides
what is the name of the monomer in carbohydrates
monosaccharides
what is the name of the monomer in proteins
amino acids
what is the name of the polymer in carbohydrates
polysaccharides
what is the polymer in nucelic acids
polynucleotides
what is the polymer in proteins
polypeptides
why are condensation reaction and hydrolysis reactions important
Condensation reactions are important in building up large molecules e.g. glucose to glycogen for storage.
Hydrolysis reactions are important in breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble molecules e.g. glycogen to glucose for respiration.
