Monomers and Polymers

Question 1

What is a monomer? give examples

Answer 1

They are single subunits that combine/bond with other subunits by covalent bonds to form more complex structures like polymers and micromolecules

-glycerol, monosaccharides,amino acids, fatty acids

Question 2

What is a polymer? give examples

Answer 2

A long-chain molecule comprising many identical monomers joined together by covalent bonds in a repeating pattern which occurs via polymerisation.

-polymers are made of the same repeating units

-proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids

Question 3

What is polymerisation? Explain how it works.

Answer 3

polymerisation is the process of making polymers,

during polymerisation, monomers bind to the same subunits to form a chain of a repeating pattern

Question 4

Difference between macromolecules and polymers

why are all polymers macromolecules,but not all macromolecules are polymers

Answer 4

Macromolecules are still made of monomers,however,

-they aren’t made of identical repeating subunits,

-whereas polymers are made of monomers that bond to repeating subunits to create a repeating patterned chain

-They are instead made up of different single subunits(glycerol and fatty acids) joined together in a non-repeating pattern.

Question 5

How is a covalent bond formed?

Answer 5

When two monomers are close enough top each other their route orbitals overlap,which results in their electrons being shared and a covalent bond forming
-if more than monomers are added polymerisation occurs
-depending on whether the electrons are shared equally or unequally, the covalent bond can be either polar or non-polar

Question 6

Explain a condensation reaction.

-involves building up molecules so anabolic reaction

Answer 6

-During a condensation reaction, one molecule of water is removed

-and a covalent bond is created

-causing monomers to combine together

-
and form complex structures like polymers/macromolecules

Question 7

Explain the types of covalent bonds

Answer 7

• a polar covalent bond occurs when the electron pair shared between the two atoms is shared unequally-usually because one of the atoms is more electronegative than the other

-A non-polar covalent bond occurs when an electron pair is shared equally between the two bonded atoms as they have the same/similar electronegativities

Question 8

Explain a hydrolysis reaction

-hydrolysis reaction essentually involve breaking down of molecules-catabolic reaction

Answer 8

-a hydrolysis reaction requires the addition of water

-to break the covalent bonds present between monomers and

-break down the complex structures into individual monomers

Question 9

what is the name of the covalent bond in carbohydrates.draw it

Answer 9

glycosidic bond

Question 10

what is the name of the covalent bond in proteins.draw it

Answer 10

peptide bond

Question 11

what is the name of the covalent bond in lipids.draw it

Answer 11

ester bond

Question 12

what is the name of the covalent bond in nucleic acids

Answer 12

phosphodiester bond

Question 13

what are the three types of carbohydrates

Answer 13

-monosaccharides(monomer)
-disaccharides
-polysaccharides

Question 14

what are the types of lipids

Answer 14

-phospholipids
-steroids like cholesterol
-triglycerides -fats and oils

Question 15

define a monosaccharide

Answer 15

single sugar monomer of carbohydrates

Question 16

what type of sugar are all monosaccharides

Answer 16

reducing

Question 17

definition for disaccharides

Answer 17

A sugar formed when two monosaccharides joined together by a glycosidic bond in a condensation reaction

Question 18

examples of disaccharides and how do they form

Answer 18

lactose-a glycose and galactose
-sucrose -a glucose and fructose
-maltose-a glucose and a glucose

Question 19

examples of monosaccharides

Answer 19

-glucose
-ribose

Question 20

functions of disaccharides

Answer 20

-lactose = sugar found in mammals milk

-sucrose= the sugar in plants, form in which plants store their sugar so it is easier to transport in the phloem

-maltose= sugar contained in germinating seeds

Question 21

definition for polysaccharide

Answer 21

it is a polymer made of many monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic bonds in a condensation reaction

Question 22

Examples of polysaccharides and fhow do they form

Answer 22

-starch-a glycose in the form of amylose and amylopectin
-glycogen-a glucose
-cellulose- made of beta glucose

Question 23

functions of polysaccharides

Answer 23

-starch=store of energy in plants
-glycogen-store of energy in animals
-cellulose-structurally important

Question 24

what elements are carbohydrates made of

Answer 24

C,H,O

Question 25

What are the different function of carbohydrates and give examples

Answer 25

-store of energy-starch in plants and glycogen in animals -source of energy-glucose used to release energy during cellular respirartion to then produce ATP -structurally important-cellulose in cell wall of plants

Question 26

what elements are lipids made of

Answer 26

C,H,O

Question 27

give an example of a steroid

Answer 27

cholesterol

Question 28

what are triglycerides

Answer 28

oils and fats

Question 29

functions of lipids

Answer 29

-store of energy-lipid droplets in plants and fat in adipose tissue in animals -source of energy -structurally important-main component of biological membranes -act as a thermal insulation layer under the skin of mammals,electrical insulation around nerve cells

Question 30

What elements are proteins made of

Answer 30

C,H,O,N and sometimes S

Question 31

functions of proteins with examples

Answer 31

-cell growth -cell repair -replacing biological material -structurally important in muscles,elastin,collagen -acts as carrier molecules in cell membranes,as antibodies,enzymes ,hormones

Question 32

What elements are nucleic acids made of

Answer 32

C,H,O,N in the form of a base and P in the form of a phosphate group

Question 33

What are the two nucleic acids

Answer 33

DNA and RNA

Question 34

functions of nucleic acids

Answer 34

-carry the genetic code of all living organism -involved in the control of cellular processes like protein synthesis

Question 35

differences between a hydrolysis and a condensation reaction

Answer 35

hydrolysis -covalent bond broken -water added -polymer broken apart condensation -covalent bond formed -water removed -polymer formed

Question 36

What are the five biological molecules that are contained in all living organisms

Answer 36

-carbohydrates -proteins -nucleic acids -lipids -water

Question 37

what is the difference between polymers and macromolecules

Answer 37

-macromolecules aren't made of small repeating subunits of monomers like polymers -They instead made up of different base units(glycerol and fatty acids) which are joined together in a non-repeating pattern

Question 38

how are monomers formed?

Answer 38

Carbon atoms can combine to form small subunits called monomers.

Question 39

What happens in a condensation reaction

Answer 39

-covalent bonds are created -monomers combine to form polymers/macromolecules -water is removed

Question 40

what is a condensation reaction, also known as?

Answer 40

dehydration and synthesis

Question 41

is hydrolysis anabolic or catabolic

Answer 41

catabolic

Question 42

Is condensation catabolic or anabolic

Answer 42

anabolic

Question 43

What key things happen in a hydrolysis reaction

Answer 43

-water is added -covalent bonds are broken -complex structures broken down into individual monomers

Question 44

why are lipids macromolecules, not polymer

Answer 44

-fatty acids join to a glycerol molecule not each other,so do not consist of a repeating patterned chain like polymers

Question 45

are monosaccharides reducing or non-reducing sugars

Answer 45

reducing sugars ,meaning they are able to donate electrons

Question 46

function of monosaccharides

Answer 46

-source of energy in respiration -a building block for polymers

Question 47

difference in the composition of lipids and carbohydrates

Answer 47

-lipids are consist of a low proportion of oxygen compared to carbohydrates

Question 48

types of lipids

Answer 48

-steroids -phospholipids -triglycerides

Question 49

what is respiration

Answer 49

when oxygen is used to break down food molecules and get chemicals energy

Question 50

what is the name of the polymer in nucleic acids

Answer 50

nucleotides

Question 50

what is the name of the monomer in carbohydrates

Answer 50

monosaccharides

Question 50

what is the name of the monomer in proteins

Answer 50

amino acids

Question 51

what is the name of the polymer in carbohydrates

Answer 51

polysaccharides

Question 52

what is the polymer in nucelic acids

Answer 52

polynucleotides

Question 53

what is the polymer in proteins

Answer 53

polypeptides

Question 54

why are condensation reaction and hydrolysis reactions important

Answer 54

Condensation reactions are important in building up large molecules e.g. glucose to glycogen for storage. Hydrolysis reactions are important in breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble molecules e.g. glycogen to glucose for respiration.