Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Module 2: Foundations in Biology > Nucleic acids > Flashcards

Nucleic acids Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are nucleotides?

A

monomers of DNA and RNA and are phosphate esters if pentose sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what’s the role of nucleotides in metabolic pathways

A
  • can regulate or furl them due to high energy phosphate bonds
  • also form coenzymes like NADP
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

components in a nucleotide

A
  • phosphate group bonded to C3 or C5 via condensation reaction
  • pentose sugar: ribose in RNA, deoxyribose in DNA
  • nitrogenous base bonded to C1: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

bond between phosphate and sugar in a nucleotide is

A

phosphodiester bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

bond between base and sugar in a nucleotide is

A

glycosidic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

which bases are PURines and their features

A
  • Guanine and Adenine
  • 2 C rings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

which bases are pyrimidines and their features

A
  • Cytosine and Thymine
  • 1 C ring
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what’s ATP

A
  • Adenosine triphosphate
  • made up of 3 phosphate groups, a ribose sugar and the base adenine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what type of reaction forms ADP + Pi from ATP (+H2O)

A

hydrolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what type of reaction forms ATP (+H2O) from ADP + Pi

A

condensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what happens when ATP is hydrolysed

A
  • small amount of energy is released which fuels many processes
  • high energy bonds exist between phosphates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what can ADP ne hydrolysed to

A

AMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what can AMP be hydrolysed to

A

adenosine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what’s deoxyribonucleic acid

A
  • a polynucleotide containing genetic information and is found in all eukaryotic cell nuclei
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

structure of DNA

A
  • double helix with complementary bases, A-T, C-G
  • large, storing lots of info in bases
  • sugar phosphate backbone that protects the bases
  • antiparallel strands join via H bonds
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

how many H bonds are there between A-T

A

2

17
Q

how many H bonds are there between C-G

A

3

18
Q

what’s the 3’ and 5’ end dictated by

A

dictated by phosphate bonding to C3 or C5 of sugar

19
Q

which organisms are suitable for DNA extraction and purification

A
  • strawberries
  • kiwis
  • peas
20
Q

outline the stages in DNA extraction and purification

A
  1. macerate the tissue using mortar and pestle
  2. add a strong detergent (washing up liquid)
  3. add cold ethanol
  4. remove salts and concentrate the DNA
21
Q

what’s the purpose of adding cold ethanol to DNA

A

allows DNA to precipitate out of solution

22
Q

what’s removing salts and concentrating the DNA

A

to purify it further

23
Q

what’s the purpose of macerating the tissue in DNA extraction

A

to break cell walls

24
Q

what’s the purpose of adding detergent in DNA extraction

A

dissolves the fatty molecules that hold the cell membranes together, which releases the DNA into the solution

25
Q

what’s meant by DNA occurring by semi-conservative replication during interphase

A

each new molecule contains and old and a new strand

26
Q

Outline the process of DNA replication

A
  1. DNA helicase breaks H bonds between the bases in the double helix
  2. free nucleotides pair up with their complementary bases 5’ to 3’ ( leading strand)
  3. DNA polymerase catalyses the condensation reaction forming phosphodiester bonds between DNA nucleotides
  4. DNA ligase joins okazaki fragments of DNA together on the lagging strand (3’ to 5’) as DNA polymerase only works 5’ to 3’
27
Q

what’s a gene

A
  • a length of DNA that codes for a polypeptide
  • the code leads to to a specific primary structure and final protein shape
28
Q

what does the genetic code show

A

which bases code for which amino acid

29
Q

what are are the 3 features of the genetic code

A
  • degenerate
  • universal
  • non-overlapping
30
Q

explain how the genetic code is degenerate

A

some amino acids coded by more than one triplet

31
Q

explain how the genetic code is universal

A

the same code in all organisms

32
Q

explain how the genetic code is non-overlapping

A

each base is only read once

33
Q

what are the two stages in protein synthesis

A

transcription and translation

34
Q

what’s transcription

A

process where mRNA is produced from DNA

35
Q

outline transcription

A
  1. the gene unzips and H bonds between the bases break
  2. free RNA nucleotides bond to their complementary bases, forming H bonds, catalysed by RNA polymerase.
  3. mRNA polymerase passes out pf the nucleus to a ribosome
36
Q

where are ribosomes made

A

nucleolus

37
Q

what are ribosomes made of

A

2 subunits, each containing roughly equal ratios of rRNA and protein

38
Q

what’s translation

A

the process where mRNA is used to produce polypeptides

39
Q

outline translation

A
  1. ribosome binds to mRNA
  2. the anti-codon on tRNA molecule will bind to a complementary codon
  3. tRNA will have a specific amino acid attached
  4. a second tRNA molecule with attached amino acid will bind
  5. the ribosome catalyses a condensation reaction, forming a peptide bond
  6. tRNA molecules leave their amino acid to find new ones
  7. this process continues until a stop codon is reached

Module 2: Foundations in Biology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions