Nucleic Acids

Question 1

What are the 4 nucleotide bases?

Answer 1

A,T,G,C

Question 2

Which nucleotide bases pair with each other?

Answer 2

A + T, G + C

Question 3

How would you draw DNA with Complementary base pairs A + T, G + C
Include hydrophobic/philic interactions and primes

Answer 3

Complementary base pairs (A,T,G,C) structures are drawn and “placeholders” are put in their spots.
Hydrophilic interactions are placed around everywhere except the nucleotide bases, indicating those are hydrophobic.
5^1 and 3^1 are placed on both sides of the structure.

Question 4

Which complementary base pairs have the strongest connection?

Answer 4

G + C
3 hydrogen bonds, vs. the 2 between A + T

Question 5

Basics of DNA

Answer 5

Double stranded helix
4 Nucleotide bases
Phosphate backbone
Carries information for reproduction/growth

Question 6

Nucleic Acids
(Examples)

Answer 6

DNA + RNA

Question 7

Nucleic Acids
(Purpose)

Answer 7

Carry chemical energy
Form Coenzymes
Signaling molecules (cAMP)

Question 8

Location of DNA/RNA

Answer 8

DNA - Nucleus
RNA synthesis - Cytoplasm

mRNA connects DNA to Protein

Question 9

Nucleic Acids
(Structure)

Answer 9

Phosphate (attached to Carbon 5)
5 Carbon Sugar (Deoxy - DNA carbon 2)
Nitrogenous Bases (ATGC)

Question 10

“Purpose” of Carbons in Nucleic Acids

Answer 10

Carbon 1- Nitrogenous base
Carbon 2- differentiate between DNA and RNA
Carbon 3- connects the next base
Carbon 5- phosphate group

Question 11

DNA vs. RNA
(Sugars only)

Answer 11

DNA- Deoxyribose
RNA- Ribose

Question 12

Deoxyribose Structure

Answer 12

Question 13

Ribose Structure

Answer 13

Question 14

What makes DNA polar?

(What would interact w/ aqueous stuff)

Answer 14

Phosphate groups!

Phosphate side is more likely to interact with an Aqueous environment (bc negative charge).

Question 15

Is DNA soluble in Ethanol?

Answer 15

No, it does precipitate though!
dumb

Question 16

Nitrogenous Bases

Answer 16

Like R group for Amino Acids - but for Nuc Acids

Pyrimidines + Purines

Relatively non-polar

Question 17

Pyrimidines
(DNA + RNA)

Answer 17

DNA - T,C
RNA - U,C

Question 18

Purines

Answer 18

Both DNA + RNA - G, A
Larger than Pyrimidines

Question 19

Nitrogenous Base T
(Name + Structure)

Answer 19

Thymine - In DNA
Pyrimidine

Question 20

Nitrogenous Base C
(Name + Structure)

Answer 20

Cytosine
Pyrimidine

Question 21

Nitrogenous Base U
(Name + Structure)

Answer 21

Uracil - In RNA
Pyrimidine

Question 22

Nitrogenous Base G
(Name + Structure)

Answer 22

Guanine
Purine

Question 23

Nitrogenous Base A
(Name + Structure)

Answer 23

Adenine
Purine

Question 24

Phosphodiester Linkage

Answer 24

Bond between Nucleotides in Primary Structure

Dehydration/Condensation Reaction (loses water)

Question 25

Primary Structure of DNA (Primes)

Answer 25

5 prime --> 3 prime synthesis Nucleotides added to 3prime end 5' = unlinked phosphate on Carbon5 3' = hydroxyl (OH) on C3

Question 26

Activated Nucleotide

Answer 26

ATP AMP (Adenosine Monophosphate) means the nucleotide has already given up through hydrolysis

Question 27

If a double stranded DNA molecule was composed of 20% thymidine, what would be the percentage of guanine?

Answer 27

30% Non-complementary base pairs must add up to 50% *Complementary should be roughly equal*

Question 28

Secondary Structure of DNA

Answer 28

Double Helix Complementary Anti-parallel Strand Stabilized by: hydrogen bonding (between Nitrogenous Bases), hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals (Base stacking)

Question 29

Tertiary Structure of DNA

Answer 29

Supercoiled wrap around Histone (+ charge) proteins to be organized before division

Question 30

DNA Synthesis

Answer 30

*Designed to be copied* 1- Hydrogen bonds must be broken between double stranded DNA to release single strands Broken by Heat or Enzyme 2- Complementary base pairing (enzyme) 3- Polymerization new strands form sugar phosphate backbone secondary structure restored

Question 31

RNA differences from DNA

Answer 31

RNA - Ribose DNA - Deoxyribose RNA - Uracil RNA - Thymine *RNA is more unstable*

Question 32

Secondary Structure RNA

Answer 32

Complementary base pairing between nitrogenous bases on the same strand Stabilized by : hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions Form hairpin loops *Like Beta pleated sheets in proteins*

Question 33

Tertiary Structure RNA

Answer 33

Complex 3D shapes

Question 34

Types of RNA

Answer 34

mRNA - messenger RNA tRNA - transfer RNA rRNA - ribosomal RNA

Question 35

mRNA

Answer 35

Transcription single Stranded messenger of genetic information --> gene expression *Shape Change*

Question 36

tRNA

Answer 36

protein synthesis Translation

Question 37

rRNA

Answer 37

made of proteins + RNA Large subunits : aid with formation of Peptide Bonds Small subunits : match tRNA with mRNA

Question 38

RNA Function

Answer 38

intermediate for information processing catalyze reaction

Question 39

Brain Break :)

Answer 39

Question 40

Brain Break (u deserve it!)

Answer 40

Question 41

Brain Break !!

Answer 41

just look at the otter rq