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foundations in biology > nucleic acids > Flashcards

nucleic acids Flashcards

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1
Q

what 3 components make up the basic structure of a nucleotide?

A
  • phosphate group
  • pentose sugar
  • nitrogenous base
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2
Q

which bases are purines?

A
  • adenine
  • guanine
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3
Q

which bases are pyrimidines

A
  • uracil
  • thymine
  • cytosine
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4
Q

how are nucleotide chains in DNA held together?

A
  • hydrogen bonds that form between complementary base pairs
  • two hydrogen bonds between adenine and thymine
  • three bonds between guanine and cytosine
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5
Q

what are the structural differences between RNA and DNA?

A
  • single vs double stranded
  • uracil vs thymine
  • fits through nuclear pores vs doesnt
  • deoxyribose vs ribose
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6
Q

what is the difference in pairing in DNA vs RNA?

A

A+T in DNA
A+U in RNA

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7
Q

what bonds base pairs?

A

hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

why can’t DNA leave the nucleus?

A

doesnt fit through nuclear pores

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9
Q

why are there free RNA in the cytoplasm?

A
  • repair of nucleic acids
  • metabolic functions (ATP synthesis)
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10
Q

what bonds forms polynucleotides?

A

phosphodiester bonds

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11
Q

how is DNA formed?

A
  • two antiparallel strands of nucleotides are linked by hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs
  • coils to form a double helix which is strong (vital for reliable info carriage)
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12
Q

how many bonds form between A+T?

A

2

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13
Q

how many bonds form between G+C?

A

3

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14
Q

what is semi conservative replication?

A

in a replicated DNA molecule, one strand is from the original DNA and one is newly formed

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15
Q

replication process

A
  • strands unwind and unzip with DNA helicase
  • each strand is a template
  • primase catalyses formation of primer from RNA nucleotides
  • DNA polymerase joins DNA nucleotides from 5’ to 3’ end (leading strand - made continuously)
  • lagging strand is made from okazaki fragments placed between 2 primers
  • DNA ligase reforms the hydrogen bonds
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16
Q

why is DNA in long strands?

A

more information

17
Q

why are there complementary base pairs?

A

faithful DNA replication and formation of hydrogen bonds

18
Q

Why are hydrogen bonds useful?

A

easy to break and replace

19
Q

what is a codon?

A

triplet code

20
Q

what is an amino acid coded by

A

base triplet code

21
Q

what is meant by degenerate?

A

more than one codon per amino acid

22
Q

why is kiwi blended in extraction?

A

separate cells

23
Q

why is liquid detergent added?

A

it breaks open cell surface membranes and releases DNA

24
Q

why is solution heated?

A

breaks proteins around DNA

25
Q

why is alcohol added?

A

less dense so causes DNA to rise

26
Q

what is transcription and where does it occur?

A
  • DNA codes for RNA and forms mRNA molecules
  • occurs in nucleus
27
Q

what is translation and where does it occur?

A
  • conversion of mRNA into amino acids
  • occurs in the ribosomes
28
Q

what is mRNA?

A
  • messenger RNA
  • copy of the coding strand
29
Q

what is tRNA?

A
  • transfer RNA
  • each one is specific for one amino acid
30
Q

process of transcription

A
  • hydrogen bonds are broken between base pairs
  • DNA uncoils into coding strand (sense strand runs 5’ to 3’) and template strand (antisense strand runs 3’ to 5’)
  • free nucleotides line along the complementary bases of the antisense strand and create phosphodiester bonds with adjacent nucleotides
  • this forms mRNA which is almost identical to sense strand
31
Q

which way does RNA polymerase move

A

3’ to 5’ of template strand but 5’ to 3’ end of the new mRNA molecule

32
Q

process of translation

A
  • ribosome binds to mRNA and moves in 5’ to 3’ direction until a start codon
  • read one codon at a time
  • anticodons on tRNA are complementary to mRNA and carry a speciifc amino acid
  • peptidyl transferase catalyses formation of peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids
    continues until it reaches a stop codon
33
Q

what processes is ATP used in?

A
  • synthesis
  • transport
  • movement
34
Q

why is ATP the universal energy currency?

A
  • present in all organisms
  • releases energy in small, manageable quantities
35
Q

how are two polynucleotide chains held together?

A
  • hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs
  • phosphodiester bonds in the backbone
  • purines pair with pyramidines
36
Q

what are two enzymes in replication (not ligase) and their functions?

A
  • DNA helicase unwinds and unzips DNA strand
  • DNA polymerase forms phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides
37
Q
A

foundations in biology (6 decks)

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