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foundations in biology > cell structure > Flashcards

cell structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • metabolism
  • mitosis
  • growth
  • differentiation
  • store genetic information
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2
Q

what is the structure of the nucleus?

A
  • double membrane
  • filled with nucleoplasm
  • nuclear membrane
  • nuclear pores and envelope
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3
Q

what is the structure of the nucleolus?

A

contains rRNA and proteins for the synthesis of ribosomes

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4
Q

what is the structure and function of the nuclear envelope?

A

double membrane surrounding the nucleus, which controls entry and exit of materials

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5
Q

what is the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • system of membranes that are continuous with the nucleus
  • studded with ribosomes
  • site of synthesis and transportation of proteins and glycoproteins
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6
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • produces secretory enzymes and carbs
  • package and modify proteins
  • forms vesicles and lysosomes
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7
Q

what is the function of lysosomes?

A
  • secrete hydrolytic enzymes to digest substances
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8
Q

what is the structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • system of membranes
  • site of synthesis, storage and transportation of lipids
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9
Q

what are ribosomes?

A
  • free in a cell or on RER
  • site of protein synthesis
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10
Q

what is the mitochondria?

A
  • site of aerobic respiration
  • produces ATP
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11
Q

what are chloroplasts?

A
  • contains stacks of thylakoids with photosynthetic pigments
  • harness light energy for photosynthesis
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12
Q

what is the permanent vacuole?

A
  • tonoplast membrane which is actively permeable
  • adjust cell size and turgor pressure
  • storage for nutrients and metabolites
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13
Q

what is the function of centrioles?

A

assemble and organise spindle fibres in cell division

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14
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A
  • site of chemical reactions
  • medium for organelle suspension
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15
Q

what is a plant cell wall made of?

A

cellulose

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16
Q

what does the cell wall do?

A
  • provide tensile strength and turgor pressure
  • protection against mechanical and osmotic stress
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17
Q
A
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18
Q

what is the structure of microtubules?

A
  • pairs of tubulin protein molecules (alpha and beta tubulin)
  • hollow tube shape to give it strength and maintain cell shape
  • 9-2 configuration
  • form cilia and flagellum
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19
Q

what is the function of microtubules?

A
  • cell structure
  • anchors organelles
  • transport system (motor proteins travel along them)
  • movement of chromosomes in cell division
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20
Q

what is the structure of microfilaments?

A
  • two intertwined stands of actin polymers
  • interact with other filaments composed of myosin (muscle cells)
  • extend and bind to actin filaments to slide past eachother
21
Q

what is the function of microfilaments?

A
  • contract muscles
  • pseudopodia on single celled organisms
  • movement of organelles eg. flagella
22
Q

what are the organelles involved in protein production?

A
  • ribosomes
  • rough ER
  • golgi apparatus
  • cell surface membrane
23
Q

what is the method of protein production?

A
  • nucleolus makes ribosomes
  • nucleus makes mRNA
  • ribosomes on RER translate proteins
  • golgi modifies the proteins
  • packaged into vesicles and sent to the plasma membrane for exocytosis
24
Q

how does a compound light microscope work?

A

uses visible light to illuminate a thin slice of a sample

25
Q

advs of a compound light microscope

A

views living cells

26
Q

how does a confocal laser scanning microscope work?

A

views specific parts of a cell with fluorescence

27
Q

advs of a laser microscope

A
  • shows relationships between cells
  • view organelles
28
Q

how does a scanning electron microscope work?

A

scans the surface of objects

29
Q

advs of scanning electron microscope

A
  • surfaces and 3D objects
  • cell surfaces
30
Q

disadvs of scanning electron microscope

A

can’t view living cells

31
Q

how does a transmission electron microscope work?

A

views a thin cross section of an object

32
Q

advs of a tem

A
  • high resolution of internal structures
  • shows cell interior
  • ultrastructure of organelles
33
Q

disadvs of a tem

A

not for living things

34
Q

resolution and magnification of a light microscope

A

2000x, 200nm

35
Q

resolution and magnification of a laser scanning microscope

A

2000x, n/a

36
Q

resolution and magnification of a sem

A

100000x, 0.2nm

37
Q

resolution and magnification of a tem

A

500000x, 0.2nm

38
Q

what is resolution?

A

the ability to distinguish between 2 objects that are close together

39
Q

what is magnification?

A

how many times larger an image on a microscope is compared to real life

40
Q

what is the endosymbiotic theory?

A
  • prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes
  • ATP producing and photosynthetic prokaryotes were engulfed by larger ones
41
Q

endosymbiotic theory proof

A
  • double membrane
  • circular DNA
  • ribosomes (70s)
42
Q

Why did eukaryotes with mitochondria grow faster?

A
  • more aerobic respiration means more ATP production
  • more ATP means more processes can occur
43
Q

why is stain added to the edge of a sample?

A

to prevent air bubbles

44
Q

why is a stain added to a sample?

A
  • highlight cell structures
  • provide contrast
  • distinguish between living and dead cells
45
Q

why are thin slides used?

A

maximise light reached

46
Q

what is the function of tubulin in protein synthesis?

A
  • moves mRNA
  • movement of polypeptides through RER
47
Q

what are the differences between laser confocal and electron microscopes?

A
  • laser confocal has lower resolution
  • can have fluorescent tag
  • can see movement (as can be used on living cells)
  • can see different layers at different depths
48
Q

what is the function of epithelial cells in the airways of mammals in the defence against
pathogens and what is the importance of the cytoskeleton in carrying out this function?

A
  • goblet cells secrete mucus
  • this traps bacteria and dust
  • cilia sweep mucus out of the airways
  • cytoskeleton/microtubules makes up cilia

foundations in biology (6 decks)

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