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foundations in biology > cell structure > Flashcards

cell structure Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A
  • metabolism
  • mitosis
  • growth
  • differentiation
  • store genetic information
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2
Q

what is the structure of the nucleus?

A
  • double membrane
  • filled with nucleoplasm
  • nuclear membrane
  • nuclear pores and envelope
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3
Q

what is the structure of the nucleolus?

A

contains rRNA and proteins for the synthesis of ribosomes

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4
Q

what is the structure and function of the nuclear envelope?

A

double membrane surrounding the nucleus, which controls entry and exit of materials

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5
Q

what is the structure and function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • system of membranes that are continuous with the nucleus
  • studded with ribosomes
  • site of synthesis and transportation of proteins and glycoproteins
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6
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • produces secretory enzymes and carbs
  • package and modify proteins
  • forms vesicles and lysosomes
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7
Q

what is the function of lysosomes?

A
  • secrete hydrolytic enzymes to digest substances
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8
Q

what is the structure and function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • system of membranes
  • site of synthesis, storage and transportation of lipids
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9
Q

what are ribosomes?

A
  • free in a cell or on RER
  • site of protein synthesis
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10
Q

what is the mitochondria?

A
  • site of aerobic respiration
  • produces ATP
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11
Q

what are chloroplasts?

A
  • contains stacks of thylakoids with photosynthetic pigments
  • harness light energy for photosynthesis
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12
Q

what is the permanent vacuole?

A
  • tonoplast membrane which is actively permeable
  • adjust cell size and turgor pressure
  • storage for nutrients and metabolites
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13
Q

what is the function of centrioles?

A

assemble and organise spindle fibres in cell division

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14
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A
  • site of chemical reactions
  • medium for organelle suspension
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15
Q

what is a plant cell wall made of?

A

cellulose

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16
Q

what does the cell wall do?

A
  • provide tensile strength and turgor pressure
  • protection against mechanical and osmotic stress
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17
Q
A
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18
Q

what is the structure of microtubules?

A
  • pairs of tubulin protein molecules (alpha and beta tubulin)
  • hollow tube shape to give it strength and maintain cell shape
  • 9-2 configuration
  • form cilia and flagellum
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19
Q

what is the function of microtubules?

A
  • cell structure
  • anchors organelles
  • transport system (motor proteins travel along them)
  • movement of chromosomes in cell division
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20
Q

what is the structure of microfilaments?

A
  • two intertwined stands of actin polymers
  • interact with other filaments composed of myosin (muscle cells)
  • extend and bind to actin filaments to slide past eachother
21
Q

what is the function of microfilaments?

A
  • contract muscles
  • pseudopodia on single celled organisms
  • movement of organelles eg. flagella
22
Q

what are the organelles involved in protein production?

A
  • ribosomes
  • rough ER
  • golgi apparatus
  • cell surface membrane
23
Q

what is the method of protein production?

A
  • nucleolus makes ribosomes
  • nucleus makes mRNA
  • ribosomes on RER translate proteins
  • golgi modifies the proteins
  • packaged into vesicles and sent to the plasma membrane for exocytosis
24
Q

how does a compound light microscope work?

A

uses visible light to illuminate a thin slice of a sample

25
advs of a compound light microscope
views living cells
26
how does a confocal laser scanning microscope work?
views specific parts of a cell with fluorescence
27
advs of a laser microscope
- shows relationships between cells - view organelles
28
how does a scanning electron microscope work?
scans the surface of objects
29
advs of scanning electron microscope
- surfaces and 3D objects - cell surfaces
30
disadvs of scanning electron microscope
can't view living cells
31
how does a transmission electron microscope work?
views a thin cross section of an object
32
advs of a tem
- high resolution of internal structures - shows cell interior - ultrastructure of organelles
33
disadvs of a tem
not for living things
34
resolution and magnification of a light microscope
2000x, 200nm
35
resolution and magnification of a laser scanning microscope
2000x, n/a
36
resolution and magnification of a sem
100000x, 0.2nm
37
resolution and magnification of a tem
500000x, 0.2nm
38
what is resolution?
the ability to distinguish between 2 objects that are close together
39
what is magnification?
how many times larger an image on a microscope is compared to real life
40
what is the endosymbiotic theory?
- prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes - ATP producing and photosynthetic prokaryotes were engulfed by larger ones
41
endosymbiotic theory proof
- double membrane - circular DNA - ribosomes (70s)
42
Why did eukaryotes with mitochondria grow faster?
- more aerobic respiration means more ATP production - more ATP means more processes can occur
43
why is stain added to the edge of a sample?
to prevent air bubbles
44
why is a stain added to a sample?
- highlight cell structures - provide contrast - distinguish between living and dead cells
45
why are thin slides used?
maximise light reached
46
what is the function of tubulin in protein synthesis?
- moves mRNA - movement of polypeptides through RER
47
what are the differences between laser confocal and electron microscopes?
- laser confocal has lower resolution - can have fluorescent tag - can see movement (as can be used on living cells) - can see different layers at different depths
48
what is the function of epithelial cells in the airways of mammals in the defence against pathogens and what is the importance of the cytoskeleton in carrying out this function?
- goblet cells secrete mucus - this traps bacteria and dust - cilia sweep mucus out of the airways - cytoskeleton/microtubules makes up cilia

foundations in biology (6 decks)

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