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PBIO > NUCLEIC ACID PT. 2 > Flashcards

NUCLEIC ACID PT. 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Protein synthesis is directly under the
direction of?

A

DNA

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2
Q

Proteins are responsible for the
formation of

A

skin, hair,
enzymes, hormones, and so on

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3
Q

Protein synthesis can be divided into two
phases:

A

Transcription & Translation

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4
Q

A process by which DNA
directs the synthesis of mRNA molecules

A

Transcription

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5
Q

Transcription

A process by which ___
directs the synthesis of _____ molecules

A

DNA; mRNA

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6
Q

a process in which mRNA is
deciphered to synthesize a protein
molecule

A

Translation

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7
Q

Differences Between RNA and DNA
Molecules

A

The sugar unit in the backbone of RNA is ribose; it is deoxyribose in DNA.

The base thymine found in DNA is replaced by uracil in RNA

RNA is a single-stranded molecule; DNA is double- stranded (double helix)

RNA molecules are much smaller than DNA molecules, ranging from 75 nucleotides to a few thousand nucleotides

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8
Q

Produced when
single-stranded RNA doubles back on
itself and complementary base pairing
occurs?

A

Hairpin loop

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9
Q

Bonds between hairpin loop?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

Types of RNA Molecules

A

hnRNA (Heterogeneous nuclear RNA)
mRNA (Messenger RNA)
snRNA (Small Nuclear RNA)
rRNA (Ribosomal RNA)
tRNA (Transfer RNA)

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11
Q

Formed directly by DNA transcription.

A

hnRNA - Heterogeneous nuclear RNA

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12
Q

If one strand of the Dna opens,
the complementary copy of that
DNA
after
it
undergoes
transcription will form?

A

hnRNA - Heterogeneous nuclear RNA

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13
Q

Before it becomes mRNA, it will
first turn into?

A

hnRNA - Heterogeneous nuclear RNA

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14
Q

_____processing converts
the hnRNA to mRNA.

A

Post-transcription

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15
Q

Carries
instructions
for
protein
synthesis
(genetic information) from DNA?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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16
Q

It goes outside the nucleus to the
cytoplasm to attach itself to the
ribosomes.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

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17
Q

The molecular mass of mRNA varies with
the __________

A

length of the protein

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18
Q

Facilitates the conversion of hnRNA to
mRNA.

A

Small Nuclear RNA (snRNA)

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19
Q

SMALL
NUCLEAR
RNA
(snRNA) contains how many nucleotides?

A

100-200

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20
Q

Combines with
specific proteins to form ribosomes?

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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21
Q

the
physical
site
for
protein
synthesis

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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22
Q

Ribosomes
have
molecular
masses on the order of?

A

3 million

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23
Q

Most abundant RNA

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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24
Q

Delivers amino
acids to the sites for protein synthesis?

A

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

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25
are the smallest RNA and with hairpin loops
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
26
Nucleotide units of tRNA
75-90
27
Transcription appears in the?
Nucleus
28
A process by which DNA directs the synthesis of mRNA molecules
Transcription
29
Two step process of transcription:
(1) synthesis of hnRNA and (2) editing to yield mRNA molecule
30
direct complementary copy of the DNA
hnRNA
31
A segment of a DNA base sequence responsible for the production of a specific hnRNA/mRNA molecule
Gene
32
Most human genes are ~__________ nucleotide units long
~1000–3500
33
All of the genetic material (the total DNA) contained in the chromosomes of an organism
Genome
34
Human genome is about _______ genes
20,000–25,000
35
wherein it is a detailed long research about genes
Human genome project
36
where the production of the hnRNA happens
Template strand
37
where genes are also found, also, used to produce RNA proteins. Also called, antisense strand
Template strand
38
Template strand where genes are also found, also, used to produce RNA proteins. Also called, _____
antisense strand
39
Informational strand synonym:
Sense strand
40
Distinct change of base in hnRNA?
T -> U
41
Steps in the Transcription Process:
★ Unwinding of DNA double helix to expose some bases (a gene): ○ The unwinding process is governed by RNA polymerase ★ Alignment of free ribonucleotides along the exposed DNA strand (template) forming new base pairs ★ RNA polymerase catalyzes the linkage of ribonucleotides one by one to form mRNA molecule ★ Transcription ends when the RNA polymerase enzyme encounters a stop signal on the DNA template: ○ The newly formed RNA molecule and the RNA polymerase enzyme are released.
42
The unwinding process is governed by
RNA polymerase
43
Involves conversion of hnRNA to mRNA
Post transcription processing : Formation of mRNA
44
Post-Transcription Processing: Formation of mRNA significant process:
Splicing: Excision of introns and joining of exons
45
a gene segment that codes for genetic information
Exon
46
a DNA segments that interrupt a genetic message
Intron
47
The splicing process is driven by
snRNA
48
A process by which several different protein variants are produced from a single gene
Alternative splicing
49
The process involves excision of one or more exons
Alternative splicing
50
snRNA together with protein?
snRPs
51
it will form spliceosome?
snRNP - small nuclear ribonucleoproteins
52
it will attach to the introns, for it to be removed.
Splicesome
53
After introns are removed, ____ will now gather to carry the code for genetic information.
exons
54
yung naedit na hnRNA when we removed the introns
mRNA
55
Transcription phases:
1. Formation of hnRNA 2. Formation of mRNA 3. mRNA enters the cytoplasm
56
DNA in the nucleus partially unwinds to allow a strand of hnRNA to be made.
Formation of hnRNA
57
Process involved where introns are removed from the hnRNA strand.
Formation of mRNA
58
All of the mRNA molecules that can be generated from the genetic material in a genome.
Transcriptome
59
Responsible for the biochemical complexity created by splice variants obtained by hnRNA.
Trsncriptome
60
The base sequence in a mRNA determines the amino acid sequence for the protein synthesized.
Genetic code
61
The base sequence of an mRNA molecule involves only 4 different bases
A, C, G, U
62
A three-nucleotide sequence in an mRNA molecule that codes for a specific amino acid
Codon
63
Based on all possible combination of bases A, G, C, U‖ there are____
64 possible codes
64
The assignment of the 64 mRNA codons to specific amino acids (or stop signals)
Genetic code
65
____of the 64 codons are termination codons (―stop‖signals)
3
66
3 stop codons:
UAA, UAG, UGA
67
Initiation codon
AUG
68
Characteristics of Genetic Code
1. The genetic code is highly degenerate: 2. There is a pattern to the arrangement of synonyms in the genetic code table. 3. The genetic code is almost universal: 4. And initiation codon exists:
69
1.The genetic code is highly degenerate: ★ Many amino acids are designated by
More than one codon
70
represented by six codons.
Arginine, Leucine, Serine
71
Most other amino acids - represented by
2 codons
72
have only a single codon.
Methionine and Tryptophan
73
Codons that specify the same amino acid are called?
Synonyms
74
All synonyms for an amino acid fa l within a ____ in unless there are more than ___ synonyms
single box; four
75
The significance of the ―single box pattern - the ______ are the same
first two bases
76
The same codon specifies the same ____ whether the cell is a bacterial cell, a corn plant ce l, or a human cell.
amino acid
77
The existence of ―stop codons (UAG, UAA, and UGA) suggests the existence of ―
Start codons
78
coding for the amino acid ________ functions as initiation codon.
methionine (AUG)
79
During protein synthesis amino acids do not directly interact with the codons of an mRNA molecule. It will act with _____ instead
anticodons
80
_____molecules as intermediaries deliver amino acids to mRNA.
tRNA
81
Two important features of the tRNA structure 1.The ____ of tRNA is where an amino acid is _____ bonded to the tRNA. 2.The ____ opposite to the open end of tRNA is the site for a sequence of three bases called an ____.
3’end; covalently loop; anticodon
83
Ribosomes Contains ___ rRNA molecules and ~____ proteins - packed into two rRNA-protein subunits (one small subunit and one large subunit)
4; 80
84
Svedberg unit Humans-> _______ ribosomal subunit ★ Bacteria/ prokaryotes->
80s (40s;60s) 70s (30s; 50)
86
Step of translation process addition of specific amino acids to the 3’-OH group of tRNA.
Activation of tRNA
88
3 sites:
○ A site- aminoacyl site ○ P site- peptidyl site ○ E site- exit site
89
Amino acid present in tRNA?
Methionine
90
Step in translation processing: Adjacent to the P site in an mRNA–ribosome complex is A site (aminoacyl site) and the next tRNA with the appropriate anticodon binds to it.
Elongation
91
Elongation: Adjacent to the P site in an mRNA–ribosome complex is ____ and the next tRNA with the appropriate anticodon binds to it.
A site (aminoacyl site)
92
is the part of translation in which a ribosome moves down an mRNA molecule three base positions (one codon) so that a new codon can occupy the ribosomal A site
Translocation
93
Elongation produces:
Dipeptide
94
The polypeptide continues to grow via translocation until all necessary amino acids are in place and bonded to each other.
Termination
95
____ has an anticodon that can base pair with these stop codons
No tRNA
96
Protein release factor
Termination
97
Termination: The polypeptide is then cleaved from the tRNA through ______.
hydrolysis
98
gives the protein the final form it needs to be fully functional
Post-translational processing
99
complex of mRNA and several ribosomes
Polysome/Poly ribosome
100
Many ribosomes can move simultaneously along a ____ mRNA molecule
single
101
The multiple use of mRNA molecules reduces the amount of _____ that the cell expends to synthesize needed protein.
resources and energy

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