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Nuclear Physics Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a half life

A

The amount of time taken for half of a large sample nuclei to decay

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2
Q

What is activity

A

The rate at which nuclear decay occurs

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3
Q

What is a Geiger counter

A

A device capable of detecting radioactive particles therefore activity as well

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4
Q

Give me the half life equation

A

N=No(1dived by2) to the power n

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5
Q

What’ is N In the half life equation

A

Number of unstable nuclei which is current

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6
Q

What is No in the half life equation

A

Original activity

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7
Q

What is small letter n in the half life equation

A

The number of half lives

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8
Q

What is the number of half life equation

A

n=t dived by t half

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9
Q

What is t in the other half life equation

A

Time passed

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10
Q

What is t half in the number of half life equation

A

Time of a single half life

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11
Q

Give me a use of half life

A

Measuring age

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12
Q

What are the three types of decay

A

Alpha
Beta
Gamma

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13
Q

What can stop alpha particles

A

Our skin

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14
Q

What can be penetrated by Beta and what can not be penetrated by Beta

A

Skin
Aluminium

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15
Q

What can stop gamma radiation

A

Seven mm of lead
Several m of concrete

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16
Q

Why does ALPHA have high ionisation ability

A

It has a charge of +2

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17
Q

Why does beta particles have medium ionisation ability

A

Has a charge of -1

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18
Q

Why does gamma have low ionising ability

A

It has no mass or charge

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19
Q

Why is alpha particles easily stopped

A

Has a 2+ charge and is very heavy

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20
Q

Why is beta easily stopped by several mm of aluminium

A

Has a -1 charge and a small mass

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21
Q

Why is gamma easily stopped by several metres of concrete or several cm of lead

A

It has no charge and no mass

22
Q

What is artificial transmutation

A

Nuclear decay which can be force upon a nuclide through human involvement

23
Q

Define transmutation

A

Changing the nucleus

24
Q

What is mass defect

A

the difference in mass between an atom and the sum of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atom

25
Q

What is binding energy

A

the minimum energy required to disassemble a nucleus into its constituent particles (free protons and neutrons).

26
Q

What is background radiation

A

Materials in a particular place and or the geology of a particular region

27
Q

what is radioactive decay

A

the spontaneous breakdown of the nucleus of an atom resulting in the emission of particles or rays. There are three main types of decay.

28
Q

what is alpha decay

A

occurs when an atom is unstable as it has too much mass

29
Q

what do alpha particles consist of?

A

Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons, like a helium nucleus

30
Q

what is the SI unit of absorbed dose

A

The S.I. unit for absorbed dose is the GRAY

31
Q

what is one GRAY equal to

A

1 Gy = 1 joule of energy absorbed per kilogram.

32
Q

what is the formula of dose equivalent

A

dose equivalent
= absorbed dose x QF

33
Q

what are the SI unit for DOSE EQUIVALENT

A

SIEVETS (Sv)

34
Q

what is nuclear fission

A

the splitting of the nucleus of an atom to produce two relatively equal daughter products together with a large amount of energy

35
Q

what is fusion

A

Fusion involves the joining of two light atomic nuclei to form one heavier nucleus

36
Q

The higher the binding energy per nucleon in the nucleus,

A

the more energy that is required to break apart the nucleus of the atom and hence the more stable the nucleus is!

37
Q

Give me methods safety and shielding against radiation exposure

A

keep your distance
limit your time
use shielding

38
Q

what is activity

A

The activity of a radioactive sample is defined as the number of nuclei which decay each second

39
Q

were does terrestrial background radiation come from

A

1.fallout from nuclear explosions
emissions from nuclear power stations and radioactive waste
2.medical uses – treatment of disease and research
3.use in factories – production lines to check if packets are full or thickness of materials.
4.use at home – luminous watches, gun sights, exit signs, gas mantles, smoke detectors
5.from the food we eat and from water sources
building materials and soil
6.radon gas (more of a problem for colder climates)

40
Q

what is the highest annual safe level of radiation exposure

A

The highest annual safe level of radiation exposure is 100 mSv/year.

41
Q

safety and shielding from radiation exposure

A

limit time ,increase distance,use shielding

42
Q

what is the formula of binding energy

A

E=Δmc2

43
Q

how to calculate binding energy

A

Step 1. Calculate the mass defect. This is the:

difference in mass between a nucleus and the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus or

difference in mass between an atom and the sum of protons, neutrons and electrons in the atom.

44
Q

describe the role of a fuel rod in a nuclear reactor

A

contain the nuclear material which under goes fission releasing energy

45
Q

what is the function of a control rod in a nuclear reactor

A

absorb neutrons to control the rate of fission occcuring in fuel rods

46
Q

what is the role of the moderator in the nuclear reactor

A

slows down fast neutrons emmited from fission to make them suitable to continue fission chain reaction

47
Q

what is the role of the coolant in the nuclear reactor

A

absorbs the energy released by fission events used to power an electric generator

48
Q

other than death describe the effect of radiation exposure can have on a human

A

can cause vomiting ,nausea hair loss, skin burns,loss of imune system

49
Q

describe the role of a radiotracer

A

a radiotracer is a chemical containing a radiosotope that travels throughout the body

50
Q

What is a radioisotope

A

Radioisotopes are radioactive isotopes of an element

Physics (15 decks)

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