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Bettelheim and Chang > Nuclear Chemistry > Flashcards

Nuclear Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

In his experiments, he exposed certain salts—among them uranium salts—to sunlight for several hours, whereupon they phosphoresced.

A

Henri Becquerel

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2
Q

Three kinds of radiation

A

alpha, beta, gamma

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3
Q

helium nuclei

A

Alpha particles

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4
Q

are electrons. Each has a charge of 21.

A

Beta particles

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5
Q

are high-energy electromagnetic radiation.

A

Gamma rays

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6
Q

the distance from one wave crest to the next.

A

wavelength

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7
Q

the number of crests that pass a given point in one second.

A

frequency

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8
Q

Electromagnetic radiation comes in packets; the smallest units are called

A

photons

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9
Q

are electromagnetic radiation of very high frequency (and high energy).

A

Gamma rays

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10
Q

are electromagnetic radiation of very high frequency (and high energy).

A

Gamma rays

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11
Q

has frequencies (and energies) higher than those of visible light but less than those of gamma rays.

A

X-rays

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12
Q

Materials that emit radiation (alpha, beta, or gamma) are called

A

radioactive

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13
Q

A radiation emitting isotope of an element

A

Radioactive isotopes

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14
Q

A reaction that changes atomic nuclei of elements
(usually to atomic nuclei of other elements)

A

Nuclear reaction

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15
Q

The proton remains in the nucleus but the electron is emitted from it.

A

Beta emission

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16
Q

The changing of one element into another is called

A

transmutation

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17
Q

emits both an a particle and gamma rays

A

Polonium-210

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18
Q

Is a particle that has the same mass as an electron, but a charge of 11 rather than 21.

A

Positron

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19
Q

often accompanies a and b emissions

A

Gamma emission

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20
Q

an extranuclear electron is captured by the nucleus and there reacts with a proton to form a neutron.

A

Electron capture

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21
Q

The time it takes for one half of any sample of radioactive material to decay is called the

A

Half-life

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22
Q

most of the radioactivity disappears
after _______ by that time, only _____ of the original remains

A

5 half-lives, 3%

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23
Q

After ______ half-lives, less than _______ of the activity remains.

A

10, 0.1%

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24
Q

The half-life of an isotope is independent of

A

temperature and pressure

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25
Q

When these rays interact with matter, they usually knock electrons out of the electron cloud surrounding an atomic nucleus, thereby creating
positively charged ions from neutral atoms.

A

Ionizing radiation

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26
Q

Ionizing radiation is characterized by two physical measurements

A

Intensity and energy

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27
Q

which is the number of particles or photons emerging per unit time

A

Intensity

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28
Q

Instruments used to measure intensity

A

Geiger-Muller counter and proportional counter

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29
Q

material called a phosphor that emits a unit of light for each alpha or beta particle or gamma ray that strikes it.

A

Scintillation counters

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30
Q

A commonly used unit of radiation intensity is the

A

Curie

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31
Q

much smaller, unit of radiation activity (intensity) is the

A

Becquerel

32
Q

beta particles have an energy range of

A

1 to 3 MeV

33
Q

the least penetrating; they can be stopped by several sheets of ordinary paper, by ordinary clothing, and by the skin

A

Alpha particles

34
Q

have greater penetrating power; They can penetrate several millimeters of bone or tissue.

A

Beta particles

35
Q

is the most penetrating of the three types of radiation. They can pass completely through the body

A

Gamma radiation

36
Q

when in the body, are more damaging, however

A

Alpha particles

37
Q

are a measure of the energy delivered by a radiation source and are, therefore, a measure of exposure to a particular form of radiation.

A

Roentgens

38
Q

which stands for radiation absorbed dose, is a measure of the radiation absorbed from a radiation source.

A

Rad

39
Q

SI unit of rad

A

Gray = 100 rad

40
Q

which stands for roentgen equivalent for man, is a measure of the effect of the radiation when a person absorbs 1 roentgen.

A

Rem

41
Q

SI unit for rem

A

sievert = 100 rem

42
Q

Naturally occurring radiation

A

background radiation

43
Q

is the most widely used aspect of nuclear medicine.

A

Medical imaging

44
Q

This method is based on the property that certain isotopes (such as carbon-11 and fluorine-18) emit positrons

A

Positron emission tomography

45
Q

is used in the treatment of prostate
cancer.

A

Iodine-25

46
Q

The fusion of two hydrogen nuclei into a helium nucleus liberates a very large amount of energy in the form of photons

A

Fusion

47
Q

Uncontrolled fusion is employed in the

A

Hydrogen bomb

48
Q

are artificial and have been prepared by a fusion process in which heavy nuclei are bombarded with light ones.

A

Transuranium elements

49
Q

Transuranium elements

A

elements with atomic numbers greater than 92

50
Q

fragmentation of large nuclei into smaller pieces

A

Nuclear fission

51
Q

The most important product of this nuclear decay is energy, which results because the products have less mass than the starting materials.

A

Atomic energy

52
Q

If even one of these neutrons produces a new fission, the process becomes a self-propagating _______ that continues at a constant
rate.

A

Chain reaction

53
Q

is the combining (fusing) of two
lighter nuclei to form a heavier nucleus.

A

Nuclear fusion

54
Q

results from the bombardment of nuclei by neutrons, protons, or other nuclei.

A

nuclear transmutation

55
Q

like charges repel and unlike charges attract one another.

A

Coulomb’s law

56
Q

The principal factor that determines whether a nucleus is stable is the

A

neutron to proton ratio

57
Q

The numbers 2, 8, 20, 50, 82, and 126
are called

A

magic numbers

58
Q

Rules in predicting nuclear stability

A
  1. Magic numbers for proton and neutrons
  2. Even numbers of proton and neutron are more stable than odd numbers
  3. All isotopes with atomic number higher than 83 are radioactive
59
Q

The stable nuclei are located in an area of the graph known as the

A

belt of stability

60
Q

the energy required to break up a nucleus into its component protons and neutrons.

A

Nuclear binding energy

61
Q

which is a general term for the protons and neutrons in a nucleus.

A

nucleons

62
Q

The difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of its protons, neutrons, and electrons is called

A

mass defect

63
Q

a sequence of nuclear reactions that ultimately result in the formation of a stable isotope

A

radioactive decay series

64
Q

uses electric and magnetic fields to increase the kinetic energy of charged species so that a reaction will occur

A

Particle accelerator

65
Q

The first nuclear fission reaction to be studied was that of

A

Uranium-235

66
Q

the minimum mass of fissionable
material required to generate a self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction

A

critical mass

67
Q

Most of the nuclear reactors in the United States are

A

light water reactors

68
Q

substances that can reduce the kinetic energy of neutrons.

A

moderators

69
Q

it eliminates the need for building expensive uranium enrichment facilities.

A

Heavy water reactors

70
Q

uses uranium fuel, but unlike a conventional nuclear reactor, it produces more fissionable materials than it uses

A

Breeder reactor

71
Q

are dangerous radioactive isotopes with long half-lives

A

Strontium-90

72
Q

used as a nuclear fuel and produced in breeder reactors, is one of the most toxic substances known.

A

Plutonium-239

73
Q

fusion reactions take place only at very high temperatures, they are often
called

A

thermonuclear reactions

74
Q

state of matter, a gaseous mixture of positive ions and electrons

A

plasma

75
Q

Isotopes, especially radioactive isotopes that
are used to trace the path of the atoms of an element in a chemical or biological
process

A

tracers

76
Q

molecular fragments having one or more unpaired electrons; they are usually short lived and highly reactive.

A

radicals

Bettelheim and Chang (7 decks)

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