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Engineering Chemistry > Nuclear Chem > Flashcards

Nuclear Chem Flashcards

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1
Q

(change in valence)

A

Natural Chemical Reaction

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2
Q

(change in the subatomic particles)

A

Nuclear Reaction

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3
Q

largest stable nuclide

A

Bismuth

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4
Q

studied rocks with radiation

A

Henry Becquerel

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5
Q

coined radioactivity

A

Marie Curie & Pierre Curie (1911)

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6
Q

known for his pioneering studies of radioactivity and the atom. He discovered that there are two types of radiation, alpha and beta particles, coming from uranium. He found that the atom consists mostly of empty space, with its mass concentrated in a central positively charged nucleus.

A

Ernest rutherford

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7
Q

is a particle in which two protons and two neutrons are present that is emitted by certain radioactive nuclei

A

Alpha decay

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8
Q

the decay will occur outside the belt of stability

A

Alpha decay

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9
Q

2 sources of radiation

A

natural
man made or artificial

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10
Q

example of natural

A

cosmic rays, rocks, heating up of magma, core center of the earth, surface to the rocks, inhalation, ingestion,

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11
Q

where change and mass are identical to those of an electron that is emitted by a certain radioactive nuclei.

A

Beta decay

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12
Q

the proton in the nucleus is transformed into a neutron and vice versa.

A

Beta decay

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13
Q

positively charged subatomic particle having the same mass and magnitude of charge as the electron and constituting the antiparticle of a negative electron.

A

Positron

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14
Q

are the most dangerous type of radiation. They can travel farther and penetrate materials more deeply than can the charged particles emitted

A

Gamma rays

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15
Q

produced when radioactive elements decay.

A

gamma rays

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16
Q

only energy is emitted, proton stays the same

A

Gamma decay

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17
Q

the splitting of an unstable nucleus into 2 separate nuclei.

A

Fission

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17
Q

can release more energy than a nuclear decay reaction.

A

Fission

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18
Q
  • This was first observed & explained in ____ by______
A

1938- German and austrian physicists

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19
Q

the type of reaction carried out in nuclear reactors

A

Fission

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20
Q

Bombardment of the radioactive nuclide with a neutron starts the
process. Neutrons released in the transmutation strike other nuclei, causing their decay and the production of more neutrons. This process continues in what we call a

A

Nuclear chain reaction

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21
Q

the combining of small nuclei into larger ones, is largely exempt from the waste disposal problem.

A

Fusion

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22
Q

products of the reaction are not radioactive.

A

good news, Fusion

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23
Q

that in order to achieve fusion, the material must be in the plasma state at several million kelvins.

A

Bad news, fusion

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24
Q

Because fusion reactions take place only at very high temperatures, they are often called

A

Thermonuclear reactions

25
Q

show promise for carrying out these reactions. They use magnetic fields to heat the material.

A

Tokamak apparatus

26
Q

units of radiation

A

Curie (Ci)
Roentgen (R)
Rad (Radiation Absorbed Dose)
RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness of radiations)
Rem ( Radiation equivalent, man)

27
Q
  • The physical unit of radiation (measure in terms of emission).
  • Relates to the number of nuclear disintegration occurring per seconds.
A

Curie (C)

28
Q

1 curie=

A

37 billion disintegration ps

29
Q
  • Not useful for biologic work because it is not radiation specific, it does not care on the effect of radiation on tissues.
A

Curie (C)

30
Q
  • Measurement in terms of exposure
A

Roentgen (R)

31
Q
  • Unit generally applied to x-rays and gamma rays
  • Defined as intensity of x rays or gamma rays that produces 2 billion ion pairs in 1mL of air.
  • Not accurate for biological work since the basis for disintegration is in the air not in the tissues.
A

Roentgen

32
Q
  • Use to measure or asses the different types of radiation and its effects on cells
A

RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness of radiation

33
Q
  • Measurement in terms of absorbed dose
  • Amount of radiation absorbed by the tissue being radiated
A

Rad

34
Q
  • Measurement in terms of absorbed dose.
  • Represents the amount of radiation absorbed by human being.
A

Rem

35
Q

two things can happen to an electron subjected to radiation:

A

Excitation
Ionization

36
Q

occurs when radiation, through energy release, excites an electron from an occupied orbital into an empty, high-energy orbital.

A

Excitation

37
Q

occurs when the radiation carries enough energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.

A

Ionization

38
Q

, radiation of various types is classified into the categories as:

A

Non-Ionizing Radiation
Ionizing radiation

39
Q

is radiation with insufficient energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule, but can also increase the temperature of the material through increased movement, vibration and rotation of the molecules.

A

Non-Ionizing radiation

40
Q

is the radiation with sufficient energy to remove an electron from an atom or molecule. Most radiation associated with radioactive decay processes is ionizing radiation.

A

Ionizing Radiation

41
Q

is an atom, ion, or a molecule that contains an unpaired electron.

A

Free radical

42
Q
  • Biological Effects of Radiation can be broken into two groups according to how the responses (symptoms or effects) relate to dose (or amount of radiation received)
A

Stochastic effects
Deterministic effects

43
Q

The three types of naturally occurring radioactive emissions

A

alpha, beta, gamma

44
Q

most massive and also the slowest particles involved in natural radioactive decay processes.

A

Alpha

45
Q
  • Because of their “slowness”, alpha particles have low penetrating power and cannot penetrate the body’s outer layers of skin.
A

Alpha particle effects

46
Q
  • With their greater velocity, —– can penetrate much deeper than alpha particles and can cause severe skin burns if their source remains in contact with the skin for appreciable time.
  • Because of their much smaller size, they do not ionize molecules as readily as alpha particles do.
  • Internal exposure to beta radiation is as serious as internal alpha particle exposure.
A

Beta particles effects

47
Q
  • — is released at a velocity equal to the speed of light. They readily penetrate deeply into organs, bone and tissue.
  • The minimum radiation dosage that causes human injury is unknown. However, the effects of larger doses have been studied with very serious damage or death can result from large dosage of ionizing radiation.
A

Gamma Radiation effects

48
Q

Methods for detecting Radiation:

A

Film Badge
Geiger counter
Cloud Chamber
Scintillation counter

49
Q
A
50
Q

a metal tube with wire inside. Contains a gas at low pressure. When radiation is detected, it is amplified by the detector and displayed as light flash, sound click plus the readout in the meter.

A

Geiger counter

51
Q

a chamber consists of air and a layer of water. Radiation is detected via visible path of condensed water.

A

Cloud chamber

52
Q

consist of sodium iodide crystal containing small amount of thallium iodide. Radiation is detected when the crystal gives of a flash of light as the radiation hits the crystals.

A

Scintillation counters

53
Q

is radiation that comes from natural sources to which living organisms are exposed on a continuing basis

A

Background radiation

54
Q

is a field of medicine in which radionuclides are used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

A

Nuclear medicine

55
Q

Radionuclides used in diagnostic nuclear medicine are often called

A

radioactive tracers

56
Q

Techniques in which radioactive tracers are used are called

A

nuclear imaging procedures

57
Q

characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth.

A

cancer

58
Q

Radiation damage to living systems is generally classified as

A

Somatic or genetic

59
Q

those that affect the organism during its own lifetime. Sunburn, skin rash, cancer, and cataracts are examples of somatic damage.

A

Somatic injuries

60
Q

means inheritable changes or gene mutations. For example, a person whose chromo- somes have been damaged or altered by radiation may have deformed offspring.

A

Genetic injuries

Engineering Chemistry (5 decks)

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