Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Engineering Chemistry > Fuels 2 > Flashcards

Fuels 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Periodic Table flashcards Chemistry 101 flashcards AP® Chemistry flashcards Organic Chemistry 101 flashcards
1
Q

An important primary liquid fuel.

A

Petroleum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

It is a dark colored viscous oil found deep in the earth’s crust.

A

Petroleum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

It is believed to have been formed millions of years ago by anaerobic decay of marine plant and animal life under the influence of high temperature and pressure.

A

Petroleum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

It is mainly a complex mixture of hydrocarbons (like straight-chain paraffins, cycloparaffins, olefins and aromatics) with small amounts of other organic compounds containing N, O and S, and traces of inorganic compounds.

A

Petroleum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The average composition of_____ is C: 83 - 87%; H: 11 - 15 %; S, N and O: 0.1- 5%.

A

Crude oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

“It is the process of separation of crude oil into different useful fractions on the basis of their boiling points”

A

Petroleum refining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The volatile components condense on the upper plates of the fractionating column while the less volatile fraction is collected on the lower plates.

A

Petroleum refining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

is a major fraction of petroleum refining. It is converted to petrol by cracking.

A

Heavy Oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Heavy oil is a major fraction of

A

petroleum refining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

It is converted to petrol by cracking.

A

Petroleum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The objective of ______is to obtain greater yields of improved gasoline by thermal decomposition of the surplus heavier fractions.

A

cracking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gasoline obtained by______ gives better engine performance

A

cracking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the knocking sound often occurs when

A

fuel and air mixture is incorrect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the knocking sound often occurs when the fuel and air mixture is incorrect, which causes the fuel in uneven pockets rather than uniform burst. If left untreated, it can cause damage to the piston and cylinder wall

A

less knocking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

causes the fuel in uneven pockets rather than uniform burst.

A

fuel and air incorrect mixture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Gasoline obtained by cracking gives better engine performance than

A

straight-run gasoline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

obtained from fractional distillation of crude oil

A

straight-run gasoline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

defined as the process of decomposition of higher molecular weight hydrocarbons (higher boiling) into lower molecular weight hydrocarbons (low boiling).

A

Cracking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

involves breaking of C-C and C-H bonds.

A

cracking process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

It produces low boiling alkanes and alkenes.

A

cracking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

cracking produces

A

low boiling alkanes and alkenes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A small amount of__________ are also produced.

A

carbon and hydrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Carried out at high temperature and pressure in the absence of catalyst

A

Thermal Cracking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

carried out in the presence of a catalyst at a much lower temperature and pressure

A

Catalytic Cracking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The_______of gasoline produced is high.

A

Octane number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

external fuel is not required. The necessary heat is obtained by burning off the coke deposited on the catalyst itself, during the regeneration process.

A

Catalytic cracking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Indicates the % by volume of iso-octane in a mixture of iso-octane and heptane which exhibit the same characteristics of the fuel in a standard engine under a set of operating conditions

A

Octane Number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Common octane numbers for gasoline fuels used in ______ range from 87 to 95, with higher values for special high performance and racing cars.

A

automobile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Common octane numbers for gasoline fuels used in automobile range from _________, with higher values for special high performance and racing cars.

A

87 to 95

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

is a grey, hard, and porous fuel with a high carbon content and few impurities, made by heating coal or oil in the absence of air—a destructive distillation process.

A

coke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

It is an important industrial product, used mainly in iron ore smelting, but also as a fuel in stoves and forges when air pollution is a concern.

A

coke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

is a shiny, black fossil fuel that contains impurities, emits smoke when burned, and produces less heat than coke

A

coal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

is a dull, black by product of coal that burns hotter and cleaner.

A

coke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

are responsible for the formation of an insoluble solid, commonly called deposits or gums, which sticks to the metal surfaces along the vehicle-fuel system, from the tank to the combustion chamber.

A

formed oxidation products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

The formed oxidation products are responsible for the formation of an insoluble solid, commonly called

A

deposits or gums

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Catalysts are selective in their action, and therefore, they permit cracking of only

A

high boiling hydrocarbons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

are selective in their action, and therefore, they permit cracking of only high boiling hydrocarbons.

A

catalysts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

a cracking chamber

A

reactor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Near the top of the reactor, there is a centrifugal separator

A

Cyclone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

After cracking, the products are fractionated into

A

gases, gasoline, gas oils, an residual oils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

, the spent catalyst is stripped of the adsorbed oil by passing steam and then decarbonized by a hot air blast, under controlled conditions.

A

regenerator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

The finely divided catalyst bed (Al2O3 + SiO2) is fluidized by the upward passage of feed stock vapors (Heavy oil, gas oil, etc.) in a cracking chamber (called Reactor) maintained at 5500 C

A

Fluidized (moving) bed catalytic cracking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

The catalyst (Al2O3 + SiO2) in the form of powder or pellets is placed on the grid in the catalytic chamber

A

Fixed-bed catalytic cracking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

After some time, the catalyst gets deactivated due to the deposition of carbon and oil on its surface. Steam is passed through the riser column. The deactivated catalyst is led into a regenerator through which air is passed. Air oxidizes C to CO2 and steam removes the oil.

A

regeneration of catalyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

It is the process of upgrading gasoline (increasing its octane number) in presence of a catalyst

A

Catalytic Reforming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The feed stock (straight run gasoline) is preheated to remove S and N content to acceptable limits to avoid platinum catalyst being poisoned.

A

reforming process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

process carried out to improve the octane number of petrol by bringing about changes in the structure of hydrocarbons.The changes in structure could be isomerization, cyclization or aromatization.

A

reforming

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

straight chain hydrocarbons are converted to branched hydrocarbons

A

Isomerization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

straight chain hydrocarbons are converted to cyclic compounds

A

Cyclization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

cyclic compounds are dehydrogenated.

A

Aromatization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

is a heat engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit.

A

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion applies direct force to some component of the engine. The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, rotor or a nozzle. T

A

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)

53
Q

This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful work.

A

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)

54
Q

the spent catalyst is stripped of the adsorbed oil by passing steam and then decarbonized by a hot air blast, under controlled conditions.

A

regenerator

55
Q

Ill Effects of Knocking

A

Decreases life of engine
Causes piston wrap
Consumption of fuel is more

56
Q

proposed an arbitrary scale, octane rating, in order to express the ant-knock properties of gasoline’s.

A

Graham Edger

57
Q

The resistance to knocking offered by Petrols is expressed in terms of an arbitrary scale called

A

Octane NUmber

58
Q

the percentage by volume of isooctane present in a mixture of isooctane and n – heptane which has the same knocking characteristic as the petrol under test.

A

Octane Number

59
Q

The resistance to knocking offered by diesels is expressed in terms of an arbitrary scale called

A

Cetane Number

60
Q

It is the percentage by volume of cetane present in a mixture of cetane and - methyl naphthalene which has the same knocking characteristic as the diesel under test.

A

Cetane Number

61
Q

Adverse effects of gasoline knock

A

Increases fuel consumption
Decreased power output
Mechanical damage by overheating of the cylinder parts
Driving becomes unpleasant

62
Q

The knocking in IC engines can be minimized through the following measures:

A

By:
-suitable change in engine design
-using critical compression ratio
-using high rating gasoline
-using anti-knocking agents

63
Q

decomposes the peroxides formed and prevents knocking

A

Lead tetraethyl

64
Q

convert the lead into ____________which are volatile and escape with exhaust gases.

A

Lead halides

65
Q

used as anti-knocking agent poisons the catalyst and hence leaded petrol is not advisable in such IC engines.

A

Lead tetraethyl

66
Q

is added to petrol (unleaded petrol) to boost its octane number

A

MTBE- Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether

67
Q

This is alcohol-blended petrol.

A

Power Alcohol

68
Q

is a blend of 10 – 85% of absolute ethanol and 90 – 15% of petrol by volume and is used as a fuel in the United States.

A

Gasohol

69
Q

is used in the preparation of Power alcohol to prevent phase separation.

A

Absolute alcohol

70
Q

has better anti-knocking characteristics than unleaded petrol.

A

Power alcohol

71
Q

Advantages of power alcohol

A

Power output is high
Does not release CO
Causes less pollution
Renewable and biodegradable

72
Q

are obtained either naturally or by the treatment of solid or
liquid fuel.

A

gaseous fuels

73
Q

Among the naturally occurring gaseous fuels, ________and______ are most important

A

natural gas &liquefied petroleum gas

74
Q

The _______ and _______of a gaseous fuel
determine the thermal output of a heating appliance.

A

Calorific Value and Specific Gravity

75
Q

3 types of gaseous fuels

A

Natural gas
Manufactured fuel gases
Petroleum gas

76
Q

produced through an artificial process,
usually gasification, at a location known as a gasworks

A

Manufactured fuel gases

77
Q

process that converts biomass- or fossil fuel-based carbonaceous materials into carbon monoxide, hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

A

Gasification

78
Q

is an industrial plant for the production of flammable gas.

A

GAs works or Gas house

79
Q

A mixture of methane and carbon dioxide

A

Biogas

80
Q
A
81
Q

Sources of biogas

A

Leftover food
Leftover meat and blood
Animal manure
Leftover straw and crops

82
Q

A combustible mixture of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen, generated by passing air with steam over burning coke or coal in a furnace and used as fuel.

A

Producer gas

83
Q

AKA air gas

A

producer gas

84
Q

The main constituent is methane.

A

Natural gas

85
Q

It is a fuel gas substitute for gasoline(petrol), diesel or propane/(LPG).

A

Natural gas

86
Q

It is more environmentally clean alternative to those fuels and its much
safer than other fuels in the event of spill.

A

Natural gas

87
Q

Used in cars and locomotives

A

Natural gas

88
Q

It is obtained as a byproduct, during the cracking of heavy oils or from natural gas.

A

Petroleum Gas-LPG

89
Q

A non-renewable source of energy.

A

Petroleum Gas-LPG

90
Q

extracted from crude oil and natural gas

A

Petroleum Gas_LPG

91
Q

The main composition of _____are hydrocarbons containing three or four carbon atoms. The main constituents of _____are n-butane, isobutene, butylenes and propene.

A

LPG

92
Q

It can be easily condensed, packaged, stored and utilized, which makes it an ideal energy source for a wide range of applications.

A

LPG

93
Q

is non-toxic, its abuse – (like that of solvents) – is highly dangerous. It should always be treated with respect and kept away from children whenever possible.

A

LPG

94
Q

LPG has the calorific value of about ______

A

25000 cal/m^3

95
Q

is widely used as a domestic fuel. Used as an alternative fuel for IC engines, since it permits the attainment of high compression ratios without producing knocking. The main reason for converting to _____is its superb portability and convenience: it can be used in remote places where ordinary gas supplies are unavailable.

A

LPG

96
Q

Advantages of LPG over gasoline as a motor fuel

A

Cheaper that gasoline
Readily mixes with air
Highly knock resistant
Burns cleanly

97
Q

Disadvantages of LPG over gasoline as a motor fuel

A

Handling has to be done under pressure
low octane number
poor response to blending

98
Q

It is essentially a mixture of combustible gases, CO and H2.

A

Water gas

99
Q

It is also known as blue gas because it burns with a blue flame due to the
combustion of carbon monoxide.

A

Water gas

100
Q

It is also known as blue gas because it burns with a blue flame due to the
combustion of carbon monoxide.

A

Water gas

101
Q

It is used for the production of hydrogen.

A

Water gas

102
Q

It is extensively used for the manufacture of methyl alcohol and synthetic
petrol.

A

Water gas

103
Q

used as a fuel in glass and ceramic industries.

A

Water gas

104
Q

which burns with
luminous flame is used as illuminating agent

A

Water gas

105
Q

any fuel that is derived from biomass—that is, plant or algae material or animal waste.

A

Biofuel

106
Q

Plants convert solar energy_____and this can be used as fuel

A

Biomass

107
Q

Renewable High energy content, less polluting, cheap

A

Biomass

108
Q

are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to conduct photosynthesis.

A

Algae

109
Q

are small green plants. These are, dried , powdered and can be used in IC engines.

A

Algae

110
Q

It is a weed and grows wildly on the surface of water bodies

A

Water hyacinth

111
Q

It is dried, powdered and heated with Klebseills oxytoca in the presence of NaOH.

A

Water hyacinth

112
Q

is one of several Klebsiella bacteria. These bacteria are naturally found in the intestinal tract, mouth, and nose. They’re considered healthy gut bacteria inside your intestines. Outside the gut, however, these bacteria can cause serious infections.

A

Klebsiella Oxytoca

113
Q

is obtained which is distilled and is used to boost the octane number of aviation fuel.

A

Butanediol

114
Q

is a bright-yellow flowering member of the family Brassicaceae (mustard or cabbage family), cultivated mainly for its oil-rich seed, which naturally contains appreciable amounts of erucic acid.

A

Rapeseed oil (biodiesel)

115
Q

This has properties same as diesel and is called
biodiesel.

A

Rapeseed oil

116
Q

Breaking of water to hydrogen and oxygen is called

A

Photolysis

117
Q

Algae containing the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase produce hydrogen
from water.

A

Biophotolysis

118
Q

derived from Organic wastes contain polymers like carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.

A

Hydrocarbons

119
Q

These are fungi, aquatic plants or bacteria which help in nitrogen fixation and improve the quality of soil to increase crop production

A

Biofertilizers

120
Q

Rhizobia in combination with leguminous plants can convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia.

A

Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixers

121
Q

Azatobacter produces enzymes which can form ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen.

A

Asymbiotic Nitrogen fixers

122
Q

These are blue green algae which when used in combination with certain cultures such as Anabena, Nostoc are useful as fertilizers for paddy.

A

Algal Fertilizers

123
Q

cheap, resistant to pesticides, and can be grown in saline water and poor- quality soil.

A

Algae

124
Q

These convert insoluble phosphates in the soil into soluble phosphates so that plants can easily absorb them for their growth

A

Phosphate solubilizers

125
Q

which can form complexes with iron in the soil and make iron unavailable to weeds.

A

Rhizobia

126
Q

have a lyophobic and a lyophilic group in their molecule

A

Biosurfactants

127
Q

They increase the solubility of organic compounds present in the soil. They remove non aqueous wastes from the soil.

A

Biosurfactants

128
Q
A

Engineering Chemistry (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions