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Engineering Chemistry > Fuel > Flashcards

Fuel Flashcards

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1
Q

combustible carbonaceous material which on proper burning in air gives large amount of heat that can be used economically for domestic and industrial purposes

A

Chemical Fuel

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2
Q

During the process of combustion,_______and_____of the fuel combine with ______ of air to form CO2 and H2O respectively.

A

H and C- Oxygen

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3
Q

is a fossil fuel energy source. Natural gas contains many different compounds. The largest component of _______ is methane, a compound with one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms (CH4).

A

Natural gas

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4
Q

also known as crude oil, or simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations

A

petroleum

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5
Q

a light fuel oil that is obtained by distilling petroleum and used in internal combustion engines; gasoline

A

Petrol

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6
Q

a brown deposit resembling soil
formed by the partial decomposition of vegetable matter in the wet acidic conditions of bogs and fens(wetlands), and often cut out and dried for use as fuel and in gardening.

A

Peat

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7
Q

a combustible black or dark brown rock consisting mainly of carbonized plant matter, found mainly in underground deposits and widely used as fuel.

A

coal

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8
Q

a soft soft brownish coal showing traces of plant structure

A

Lignite

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9
Q

a solid fuel made by heating coal in the absence of air so that the volatile components are driven off.

A

coke

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10
Q

a block of compressed charcoal or coal dust used as fuel.

A

briquette

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11
Q

chemical composition of _________ is fairly complex, and it is a complex mixture of paraffins (55.2%), naphthenes (40.9%), and aromatic hydrocarbons (3.9%). tends to contain hydrocarbons that have anywhere from 11 to 13 carbons in the chains.

A

Kerosene

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12
Q

It consists of approximately 75% aliphatic hydrocarbons (C10H20–C15H28) and about 25% aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene, styrene). The typical atomic mass concentrations are about 86% C, 14% H and a minor fraction of sulfur depending on crude oil source and cleaning quality

A

Diesel

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13
Q

compounds composed solely of carbon and hydrogen

A

hydrocarbons

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14
Q

2 classes of hydrocarbon

A

Aromatic and aliphatic compounds

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15
Q

compounds can be saturated (in which all the C-C bonds are single requiring the structure to be completed, or ‘saturated’, by hydrogen) like hexane, or unsaturated, like hexene and hexyne. Open-chain compounds, whether straight or branched, and which contain no rings of any type, are always —–

A

Aliphatic

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16
Q

also known as “mono- and polycyclic —- hydrocarbons”, are organic compounds containing one or more —— rings.

A

Aromatic compounds

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17
Q

least complex aromatic compound

A

Benzene molecule C6H6

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18
Q

Combining CO₂ and H₂ then results in the________which can be gasoline, diesel, gas, or even kerosene.

A

Sysnthetic fuel

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19
Q

is fuel gas that is manufactured by blowing through a coke or coal fire with air and steam simultaneously. It mainly consists of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), as well as substantial amounts of nitrogen (N2).

A

Producer gas

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20
Q

is a poisonous flammable gaseous mixture that consists chiefly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, that is usually made by blowing air and then steam over red-hot coke or coal, and that is used as a fuel.

A

Water gas

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21
Q

is a flammable gaseous fuel made from coal and supplied to the user via a piped distribution system. It is produced when coal is heated strongly in the absence of air.

A

coal gas

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22
Q

renewable fuel that’s produced when organic matter, such as food or animal waste, is broken down by microorganisms in the absence of oxygen.

A

biogas

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23
Q

any of several liquid mixtures of the volatile hydrocarbons propene, propane, butene, and butane.

A

LPG or liquefied petroleum gas

24
Q

is an agricultural byproduct consisting of the dry stalks of cereal plants after the grain and chaff have been removed. It makes up about half of the yield of cereal crops such as barley, oats, rice, rye and wheat.

A

straw

25
Q

is a type of sedimentary rock that is rich in kerogen.

A

oil shale

26
Q

is a part of rock that breaks down and releases hydrocarbons when heated.

A

Kerogen

27
Q

common sedimentary rocks

A

sandstone, limestone, shale

28
Q

These rocks often start as sediments carried in rivers and deposited in lakes and oceans. When buried, the sediments lose water and become cemented to form rock.

A

Common sedimentary rocks

29
Q

is the bark of certain species of trees

A

Tanbark

30
Q

is the dry pulpy fibrous material that remains after crushing sugarcane or sorghum stalks to extract their juice. It is used as a biofuel for the production of heat, energy, and electricity, and in the manufacture of pulp and building materials.

A

Bagasse

31
Q

is the chemical compound with the formula C₂H₂ and structure H−C≡C−H. It is a hydrocarbon and the simplest alkyne. This colorless gas is widely used as a fuel and a chemical building block. It is unstable in its pure form and thus is usually handled as a solution.

A

Acetylene

32
Q

is a by-product of blast furnaces that is generated when the iron ore is reduced with coke to metallic iron. It has a very low heating value, about 93 BTU/cubic foot, because it consists of about 51 vol% nitrogen and 22 vol% carbon dioxide, which are not flammable.

A

blast furnace gas

33
Q

gas (as blau gas or Pintsch gas) made usually by vaporizing and cracking a petroleum distillate (as a heavy oil).

A

Oil gas

34
Q

Characteristics of a Good Fuel

A

High calorific value.
*Moderate ignition temperature.
*Low moisture content
*Low content of non-combustible matter.
*In case of solid fuel, the ash content should be less and the size should be uniform.
*Readily available in bulk at low cost.
*Products of combustion should not be harmful.
*Combustion should be easily controllable.
*It should be safe, convenient and economical for storage and transport

35
Q

It is defined as “the amount of heat liberated when unit mass (or unit volume in the case of a gaseous fuel) of fuel is completely burnt in air or oxygen” The quality of a fuel is determined by the amount of energy released per unit mass or volume referred to as

A

Calorific value

36
Q

Fuels generally contain hydrogen in addition to carbon. During combustion, the hydrogen is converted to

A

steam

37
Q

“the amount of heat liberated when unit mass / volume of the fuel is burnt completely in air and the products of combustion are cooled to room temperature”

A

Gross or higher Calorific Value

38
Q

“the amount of heat produced when unit mass/volume of fuel is completely burnt in air and the products of combustion are allowed to escape into the atmosphere”

A

Net or lower calorific value

39
Q

A known mass of the fuel sample is burnt completely in excess of oxygen. The liberated heat is absorbed by water and calorimeter. The heat lost by burning fuel is the heat gained by water and calorimeter. The calorific value of the fuel is calculated from the measured data.

A

Determining the calorific value of a solid fuel using bomb calorimeter

40
Q

The released heat is quantitatively absorbed by cooling water, circulated through copper coils surrounding the combustion chamber.

The mass of cooling water and its rise in temperature are noted.

The mass of water produced by condensation of steam is calculated.

The calorific value of the fuel sample is the calculated from these data.

A

Determination of calorific value of a gaseous fuel using boy’s calorimeter

41
Q

is a black coal having a relatively high volatile content. It burns with a characteristically bright smoky flame.

A

Bituminous coal

42
Q

a coal of a hard variety that contains relatively pure carbon and burns with little flame and smoke.

A

Anthracite

43
Q

types of coal analysis

A

Proximate analysis
Ultimate analysis

44
Q

analysis involves the determination of moisture, volatile matter, ash, and fixed carbon.

This gives quick and valuable information regarding commercial classification and determination of suitability for a particular industrial use.

A

the Proximate analysis

45
Q

involves the determination of carbon, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen and ash.

The ultimate analysis is essential for calculating heat balances in any process for which coal is employed as a fuel.

A

the ultimate analysis

46
Q

An air-dried coal sample is weighed in to a dry silica crucible and heated for about one hour at 1100 C in an electric hot air-oven. The crucible is cooled first in air then in a desiccator and then weighed.

A

step 1 moisture

47
Q

The dried sample of coal left in the crucible in step (i) is then covered with a lid and placed in a muffle furnace, maintained at 950 0 C. The crucible is taken out after 7 minutes of heating. It is cooled first in air then in a desiccator and finally weighed

A

Step 2 volatile matter

48
Q

2 ways to determine the calorific value

A

Bomb calorimeter
Boy’s Calorimeter

49
Q

The residual coal left in the crucible in step (ii) is then heated without lid in a muffle furnace at 700-7500 C, until a constant weight of residue is obtained.

A

step 3 ash

50
Q

It is reported as the difference between 100 and the sum of the percentages of moisture, volatile matter and ash content of a coal sample.

A

step 4 fixed carbon

51
Q

C and H in coal directly contribute towards the calorific value of the coal.
* Higher the percentage of C and H, better is the quality of the coal and higher is its calorific value.

A

step 1 Carbon and hydrogen

52
Q

Determined by digesting a known quantity (1g) of powdered air-dried coal sample in a kjeldhal’s flask with conc. H2SO4 and HgSO4 in the presence of K2SO4 as a catalyst. After the solution becomes clear, it is treated with excess of NaOH.
The liberated ammonia is distilled into a known volume of standard acid solution. The volume of unused acid is then determined by back titration with standard NaOH solution. From the volume of acid used by ammonia liberated, the percentage of nitrogen is calculated.

A

step 2 Nitrogen

53
Q

A known amount of coal sample is burnt completely in a bomb calorimeter. Sulphur present in coal is oxidized to sulphates. The ash left after combustion from the bomb calorimeter is extracted with dil. HCl. The acid extract is then treated with barium chloride solution to precipitate sulphate as barium sulphate. The precipitate is filtered, washed, ignited and weighed.

A

Sulphur

54
Q

The lower the _____content, the more is the maturity of coal and greater is its calorific value

A

Step 5 oxygen

55
Q

The _____content of coal sample is determined as described under proximate analysis

A

step 4 ash

56
Q
A

Engineering Chemistry (5 decks)

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