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cpi > Nuclear > Flashcards

Nuclear Flashcards

1
Q

splitting of an atom into two or more smaller ones

A

Fission

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2
Q

using of two or more smaller atoms into a larger one

A

Fusion

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3
Q

actinide element and has the highest atomic mass of any naturally occurring element

A

Uranium

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4
Q

In its refined state, it is a heavy, silvery-white metal that is malleable, ductile, slightly paramagnetic, and very dense, second only to tungsten

A

Uranium

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5
Q

radioactive chemical element with the symbol Pu

A

Plutonium

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6
Q

actinide metal of silvery-gray appearance that tarnishes when exposed to air and forms a dull coating when oxidized

A

Plutonium

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7
Q

also called urania

A

Yellowcake

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8
Q

is a type of uranium concentrate powder obtained from leach solutions, in an intermediate step in the processing of uranium ores

A

Yellowcake

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9
Q

discovered radioactivity in 1898

A

Becquerel

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10
Q

fission of the atom was demonstrated by

A

Fermi

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11
Q

generates heat which can be used to produce steam to drive prime movers, thus generating electricity

A

Controlled fission

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12
Q

first spontaneous decaying substances

A

Radium and polodium

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13
Q

absorbs a thermal neutron, then fissions into fragments approx

A

U-235

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14
Q

Neutrons released by fission are at high energy levels (fast neutrons) and can react in fast reactors

A

True

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15
Q

Naturally occurring uranium contains only ______ 235U

A

0.71%

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16
Q

isotopes that are not fissile but are convertible to fissile materials

A

fertile materials

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17
Q

has a long half-life (24,000 years)

A

239 Pu

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18
Q

has a high cross section (ability to absorb) for fast neutrons and a low critical mass for fast fission

A

239 Pu

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19
Q

Uranium is more abundant in the earth’s crust than mercury and is present in about the same amount as tin and molybdenum

A

true

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20
Q

less widely used than uranium, is a suitable nuclear fuel

A

thorium

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21
Q

natural isotope of thorium

A

232 th

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22
Q

it is obtained as a by-product of the processing of monazite, a complex phosphate, for the extraction of rare earth

A

232 th

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23
Q

Process of separating pure uranium from uranium containing impurities

A

refining

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24
Q

Conversion of crude yellow cake or uranium metal to metal pure enough for reactor use, free of other elements

A

purification

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25
Q

A process by which the relative abundance of the isotopes of a given element are altered, thus producing a form of the element that has been enriched in one particular isotope and depleted in its other isotopic forms.

A

isotope enrichment

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26
Q

Two major processes used to separate 235U and 238U:

A

gas diffusion process
gas centrifuge process

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27
Q

bases on differenced in the diffusion rate between 235UF6 and 238UF6 through porous barriers several mean free paths long

A

gas diffusion process

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28
Q

depends on the centrifugal force for the separation

A

gas centrifuge process

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29
Q

advance of isotope separation process

A

The plasma separation process (PSP)
The atomic vapor laser isotope separation (AVLIS) process
The molecular laser isotope separation (MLIS) process

30
Q

3 fissionable isotopes

A

233U, 235U, and 239Pu

31
Q

Type of uranium mine

A

Open pit
Underground mine

32
Q

used where deposits are close to the surface

A

Open pi

33
Q

used for deeper deposits

A

Underground mine

34
Q

involves a large pit where stripping out and removal of much overburden

A

Open pit

35
Q

have relatively small surface disturbance and the quantity of material that must be removed to access the ore is considerably less

A

Underground mine

36
Q

Natural uranium oxide from mines and processing plants is chemically converted into ______________

A

uranium hexafluoride (UF6)

37
Q

a compound that when heated forms a gas that can be fed into enrichment plants

A

uranium hexafluoride

38
Q

process that separates gaseous uranium hexafluoride into two streams, one being enriched to the required level known as low-enriched uranium (LEU); the other stream is progressively depleted in 235U and is called “tails,” or simply depleted uranium

A

enrichment

39
Q

two types of enrichment technologies:

A

gaseous diffusion
gas centrifuge

40
Q

this technology or uranium enrichment has not been utilized at the commercial level as of today

A

laser enrichment

41
Q

involves forcing uranium hexafluoride gas under pressure through a series of porous membranes or diaphragms

A

Gas diffusion process

42
Q

series of diffusion stages

A

Cascade

43
Q

uses laser technology to selectively excite 235U, the fissile isotope

A

Laser separation

44
Q

in the form of ceramic pellets

A

Reactor fuel

45
Q

formed from pressed uranium oxide (UO2), which is sintered (baked) at a high temperature (over 2550°F)

A

ceramic pellet

46
Q

most common reactor contains 150-200 fuel assemblies

A

pressurized-water reactor (PWR)

47
Q

containing fissionable material in sufficient quantity and so arranged to be capable of maintaining a controlled, self-sustaining nuclear fission chain (critical) reaction

A

Nuclear reactor

48
Q

3 major type of reactor

A

Burner
Breeder
Converter

49
Q

commonly use uranium enriched in 235U and some type of moderator to produce heat and slow down the neutrons to maintain the chain reaction

A

Burner

50
Q

the fuel is held in rods so that the neutrons released will fly out and cause nuclear fission in other rods

A

Nuclear fuel

51
Q

graphite slows the neutrons down

A

Graphite core

52
Q

these are raised and lowered to stop neutrons from travelling between fuel rods and therefore change the speed of the chain reaction

A

Control rod

53
Q

this is heated up by the energy released from the fission reactions and is used to boil water to drive turbines in the power station

A

Coolant

54
Q

Type of burner reactor

A

Pressurizer water reactor
Boiling water reactor
Liquid-metal coolant reactor

55
Q

“Breeders are designed to produce more fuel than they consume.”

A

True

56
Q

run without moderators

A

Breeder

57
Q

The liquid-metal fast-breeder reactor (LMFBR) keeps neutron energy high by using solid sodium as a coolant

A

False (liquid)

58
Q

use 238U as a fertile material to produce 239Pu and are usually not designed to produce useful heat

A

Converter

59
Q

Cores are smaller and have a longer life than power-producing units

A

Converter

60
Q

designed to produce enormous amounts of energy in a very brief time

A

Atom bomb

61
Q

Main steps in processing nuclear waste

A

Pre-treatment
Treatment processes
Conditioning

62
Q

prepares the waste for processing and includes sorting and segregation to separate out contaminated items from non-contaminated ones

A

Pre-treatment

63
Q

reduce the volume of waste requiring treatment

A

Decontamination technique

64
Q

tend to reduce the volume or radioactive waste by separating out the radioactive component from the bulk waste

A

Treatment processes

65
Q

2 common treatment techniques

A

Incineration of solid waste
Evaporation of liquid waste

66
Q

brings the waste into a safe, stable and manageable form

A

Conditioning

67
Q

designed to slow the release of radionuclides from the disposed waste package into the environment

A

Conditioning techniques

68
Q

residues from the defense production cycle

A

Defense water

69
Q

It is also made by distillation of liquid hydrogen

A

Tritium

70
Q

experimental tools of excep tional diversity and application

A

Trace element

cpi (7 decks)

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