NSG 219- Nutrition Flashcards
How is nutrition important for Health Promotion?
Helps to prevent chronic diseases and helps us grow
How is nutrition important for disease prevention?
It can help to prevent cancer, type 2 diabetes, heart conditions, anemia and many other chronic diseases
How does nutrition help with clinical outcomes?
Promotes wound healing, tissue growth, and good blood flow
What is digestion?
Breakdown of food and absorption of nutrients
What are possible issues that may disrupt someone’s digestion
stress, diet, medications, disease, food poisoning, diarrhea, lifestyle
What are the factors linked to nutritional alterations
biological, medical interventions, socioeconomical, environmental, and lifestyle
What biological factors can change someone’s nutritional status?
Age (decreased metabolism, trouble chewing/swallowing), disease, and pregnancy
What medical interventions can change someone’s nutritional status?
Surgery and tube feeding
What socioeconomical factors can change someone’s nutritional status?
being low income and not having the money to afford healthy food
What lifestyle factors can change someone’s nutritional status?
Habits, physical activity, use of drug and alcohol, cultural practices, and mental health disorders
What environmental factors can change someone’s nutritional status?
Natural disasters
Evidence based practices does what for patent outcomes?
Helps with patient outcomes
What are examples of Evidence based practices for nutrition?
Baratic surgery, Enteral feeding, parenteral feeding
When a person gains weight it is either, what?
Intentional or unintentional
What are calories and what does the average person need to maintain weight?
Calories is the energy we get from food and the average person needs 2,000 calories to maintain weight
What factors contributed to the different amount of calories a person may need to maintain weight?
Age and lifestyle factors
What is a soft diet and who would be put on this kind of diet?
Soft food that is easy to chew. Used for people with dental issues
What is a pureed diet and who would be put on this kind of diet?
Food is all blended up. Used for people with chewing and swallowing problems, post-op, and neurological problems
What is a full liquid diet and who would be put on this kind of diet?
All liquids and is used to transition patients from a clear liquid diet to a regular diet
What is a clear liquid diet and who would be put on this kind of diet?
Liquids are clear. Used for patients that are Pre and Post OP, after a colonoscopy.
SHORT-TERM
What kind of vitamins are there?
Water soluble and Fat-soluble vitamins
Water vs Fat Soluble: They are dissolved in?
Water: Is dissolved in water
Fat: Is dissolved in fats
Water vs Fat Soluble: Where are they stored?
Water: they aren’t stored
Fat: Stored in liver or fatty tissue
Water vs Fat Soluble: How well are they absorbed?
Water: easily absorbed
Fat: Needs fat or bile to be absorbed so takes longer
Water vs Fat Soluble: Level of toxicity and why?
Water: Low toxicity due to being excreted by urine. Will need regular replenishment
Fat: High toxicity due to staying in the body longer
What are examples of water soluble vitamins?
Vitamin C and other B-complex vitamins
What are examples of fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, and K
What are proteins?
building block of the body
What is the function of proteins?
Aid in wound healing and tissue growth, hormonal function, enzymatic activity, transport and storage, immune function, and electrolyte balance
What are Essential amino acids?
Amino acids that are not synthesized by the body, and they have to be obtained through a diet
What are Non- essential amino acids
Amino acids that are synthesized by the body
What are carbohydrates?
They are a source of energy
What are the two different types of carbohydrates?
Simple and complex
What are simple carbs?
Carbs that are broken down fast and they don’t last long in the body. Ex.) juice
Whare are complex carbs?
Carbs that take longer to break down, this lasting in the body longer
What is the difference between simple and complex carbs?
Simple carbs will raise BS faster for a small period of time while complex carb will raise BS slower but lasts longer
What are fats?
Another source of energy
What vitamins do vegetarians usually lack?
Vitamin B12 and Iron
What does Vitamin B12 do?
Helps with red blood cell production. Gained through animal protein
What does Iron do?
Helps create RBC’s, good blood flow, prevents anemia, and helps the immune system
What is overnutrition and associated health risk/s?
Too much food or Obesity. Health risks include, CVD, T2DM, cancer, etc
What is undernutrition and associated health risk/s?
Not enough food. Health risks include immune suppression and delayed wound healing
What is malnutrtion?
Imbalance of nutrients the body needs and what it receives
What is malabsorption syndrome?
the absorption of nutrients is not occurring in the small intestines
What is starvation malnutrition?
when nutrition needs are not being met
What are some labs seen for Malnutrition?
*Albumin and prealbumin, C-reactive protein, *Hemoglobin and Hematocrit, Liver enzymes, Vitamin levels, BUN/ Creatinine, CBC, Electrolyte panel
What does the Albumin Lab show?
Shows long term nutrition status
What does Hemoglobin and Hematocrit lab show in this case of malnutrition?
Can show the level of iron someone has
What is obesity?
High amount of body fat or adipose tissue
What is the BMI for obese and extremely obese
Obese BMI: 30-40
Extremely Obese BMI: >40
Another trait for obesity is an increased waist circumference which is liked to what conditions?
CVD and metabolic syndrome
Body shape is also looked at like Apple and Pear body shapes. What is the main difference between the two body types?
Apple: Has higher visceral fat and there is an increase in weight related problems
Pear: Has lower visceral fat and there is a decrease in weight related problems
What is metabolic syndrome? What is something that increases the risk?
A group of conditions that increase the risk for CVD, T2DM, stroke. Smoking has a huge impact on this.
What are bariatric surgeries?
They are surgeries performed for the intent of weight loss
What is something that can happen to a bariatric patient about 10-30 minutes after they eat. It may cause nausea, vomiting, sweating, cramping, bloating, feeling flushed, and dizziness.
Dumping syndrome or rapid gastric dumping. This is when food (sugar) moves too fast from the stomach to the small intestines
Liraglutide (Saxenda) is a weight loss medication used. What are some things that it does?
GLP-1, it induces the feeling of being full (satiety) and slows down gastric emptying
Semaglutide also known as Ozempic or Mountjaro is another medication used for weight loss. What does the medication do and what is it mimicking?
Mimics GLP-1 and causes gastroparesis which is slow gastric emptying
Orlistat is another weight loss medication used. What does it do? What is also a major s/s for it?
It stops the breakdown of fat and absorption of the intestines. Can give Kidney stones
What are common S/S for these weight loss medications?
N/V, greasy stool, increased bowel movement, feeling full, diarrhea, abdominal cramping
Enteral Nutrition (EN) is a way to give patients nutrients that they may need through a tube. What are some issues with giving EN?
Can’t use if there is a problem with the GI and there is a risk for malnutrition
What is the gold standard for checking EN placement?
Using a x-ray
How often does a nurse need to check the placement of an EN tube?
Every 4 hours
What are examples of Short-term EN tube feeding?
NG and OG
What are some examples of Long-term EN tube feeding?
Gastrostomy and Jejunostomy
What is refeeding syndrome? What is the hallmark sign and what are other s/s of it?
Change from starvation to a fed state. Hypophosphatemia is the hallmark sign. Other S/S are fluid retention, hyperglycemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypokalemia
What is Parenteral Nutrition (PN)?
Given via a central line into the blood to give nutrients a patient may need. The GI isn’t used
What is anorexia? S/S
Fear of gaining weight or being fat
BMI < 17, iron deficiency, vitamin deficiency, impaired renal function
What is Bulimia? S/S
Episodes of binge eating or purging
Loss of gag reflex, vomiting, macerated knuckles, dental problems
